Лингвистика - Linguistic Typology

a type of language that primarily relies on word order and function words to convey grammatical relationships, rather than inflections or word endings

аналитический язык, язык аналитического типа

a classification system used in linguistics to categorize languages based on their patterns of word formation and the ways in which they use affixes, inflections, and other morphological processes

морфологическая типология, классификация морфологии

a type of language where words are formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to a base root, with each affix having a clear and consistent grammatical meaning

агглюциативный язык, агглютинативный язык

a type of language where words undergo internal changes, such as vowel changes or consonant modifications, to indicate grammatical relationships, such as tense, number, and case

фузионный язык, слияющийся язык

a type of language where the majority of words are composed of a single syllable

моносиллабический язык, язык с монолицей

a type of language in which grammatical relationships, such as tense, number, or case, are not explicitly indicated by the use of morphological markers or inflections

язык нулевого маркирования, язык без морфологических маркеров

a group of languages that are believed to have descended from a common ancestral language

языковая семья, группа языков

the process of analyzing and contrasting linguistic elements across different languages to identify similarities and differences

кросс-лингвистическое сравнение, межязыковое сравнение

the systematic association or correspondence between linguistic units, such as sounds, words, or grammatical structures, within a language or across languages

соответствие, согласование

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (absolutive) is treated differently from the subject of a transitive verb (ergative), often found in languages that exhibit ergativity

эргативно-абсолютивное согласование, эргативно-абсолютивная система

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (nominative) is treated similarly to the subject of a transitive verb (nominative), while the object of a transitive verb (accusative) is marked differently, commonly found in languages that exhibit accusativity

номинативно-аккузативный тип, номинативно-аккузативная система

a grammatical system where verbs in a language are marked or behave differently based on whether the subject is considered volitional or agentive (active) or non-volitional or experiencer-like (stative), often found in languages that exhibit such semantic distinctions

активно-стативное выравнивание, грамматическая система активного-стативного выравнивания

the typological pattern of grammatical alignment found in languages belonging to the Austronesian language family

австронезийное выравнивание, аустронезийская структура

the way in which grammatical markers and morphological processes interact with the syntax of a language to determine the alignment pattern between arguments and verb forms

морфосинтаксическое выравнивание, выравнивание морфосинтаксической структуры

a grammatical system in which the arguments of a verb are marked differently based on their grammatical role

трипартитное согласование, тройное согласование

a phenomenon in which a language exhibits a mixed pattern of ergative-absolutive alignment in some grammatical contexts and nominative-accusative alignment in others

раздельная эргативность, частичная эргативность

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (nominative) is treated similarly to the subject of a transitive verb (nominative), while the object of a transitive verb (absolutive) is marked differently

номинативно-абсолютивное согласование, система номинативно-абсолютивного

a type of grammatical system in which verbs are marked to indicate the semantic role relationships between the subject and object(s) of a sentence

прямая-инверсная язык, инверсная прямая система

a type of language that exhibits a particular alignment pattern in the marking of the object of a transitive verb

секундативный язык

a type of language where grammatical relationships between words are primarily marked on the dependent or non-head elements of a construction, rather than on the head or main element

язык с зависимым обозначением, язык зависимого маркирования

a type of language where grammatical relationships between words are primarily marked on the head or main elements of a construction, rather than on the dependents

язык с маркировкой на головном слове, головной язык

a type of language where the subject of a sentence can be omitted or left unexpressed when it can be inferred from the context

язык с нулевым подлежащим, язык с опущенным подлежащим

a type of language in which words are constructed by combining multiple morphemes to express complex meanings

поли́синтетический язык, язык с полисинтетической структурой

a type of word or linguistic form found in certain languages that vividly describes sensory perceptions or states, often related to sound, movement, color, or other sensory experiences

идеофон, идеофония