言語学 - Linguistic Typology

a type of language that primarily relies on word order and function words to convey grammatical relationships, rather than inflections or word endings

分析的言語

a classification system used in linguistics to categorize languages based on their patterns of word formation and the ways in which they use affixes, inflections, and other morphological processes

形態的類型論

a type of language where words are formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to a base root, with each affix having a clear and consistent grammatical meaning

膠着語

a type of language where words undergo internal changes, such as vowel changes or consonant modifications, to indicate grammatical relationships, such as tense, number, and case

融合言語

a type of language where the majority of words are composed of a single syllable

単音節言語

a type of language in which grammatical relationships, such as tense, number, or case, are not explicitly indicated by the use of morphological markers or inflections

ゼロマーキング言語

a group of languages that are believed to have descended from a common ancestral language

言語ファミリー

the process of analyzing and contrasting linguistic elements across different languages to identify similarities and differences

言語間比較

the systematic association or correspondence between linguistic units, such as sounds, words, or grammatical structures, within a language or across languages

整列

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (absolutive) is treated differently from the subject of a transitive verb (ergative), often found in languages that exhibit ergativity

エルガティブ-アブソリュートアラインメント

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (nominative) is treated similarly to the subject of a transitive verb (nominative), while the object of a transitive verb (accusative) is marked differently, commonly found in languages that exhibit accusativity

主格-目的格アラインメント

a grammatical system where verbs in a language are marked or behave differently based on whether the subject is considered volitional or agentive (active) or non-volitional or experiencer-like (stative), often found in languages that exhibit such semantic distinctions

能動–静的アライメント

the typological pattern of grammatical alignment found in languages belonging to the Austronesian language family

オーストロネシア的アライメント

the way in which grammatical markers and morphological processes interact with the syntax of a language to determine the alignment pattern between arguments and verb forms

形態統語的一致性

a grammatical system in which the arguments of a verb are marked differently based on their grammatical role

三者間合意

a phenomenon in which a language exhibits a mixed pattern of ergative-absolutive alignment in some grammatical contexts and nominative-accusative alignment in others

分裂エルガティビティ

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (nominative) is treated similarly to the subject of a transitive verb (nominative), while the object of a transitive verb (absolutive) is marked differently

名詞-絶対的配列

a type of grammatical system in which verbs are marked to indicate the semantic role relationships between the subject and object(s) of a sentence

直接逆言語

a type of language that exhibits a particular alignment pattern in the marking of the object of a transitive verb

セカンダティブ言語

a type of language where grammatical relationships between words are primarily marked on the dependent or non-head elements of a construction, rather than on the head or main element

依存マーク言語

a type of language where grammatical relationships between words are primarily marked on the head or main elements of a construction, rather than on the dependents

ヘッドマーカリング言語

a type of language where the subject of a sentence can be omitted or left unexpressed when it can be inferred from the context

null主語言

a type of language in which words are constructed by combining multiple morphemes to express complex meanings

ポリシンセティック言語

a type of word or linguistic form found in certain languages that vividly describes sensory perceptions or states, often related to sound, movement, color, or other sensory experiences

アイデオフォン