Językoznawstwo - Linguistic Typology

a type of language that primarily relies on word order and function words to convey grammatical relationships, rather than inflections or word endings

język analityczny, analizujący język

a classification system used in linguistics to categorize languages based on their patterns of word formation and the ways in which they use affixes, inflections, and other morphological processes

typologia morfologiczna, klasyfikacja morfologiczna

a type of language where words are formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to a base root, with each affix having a clear and consistent grammatical meaning

język aglutynacyjny, język aglutynujący

a type of language where words undergo internal changes, such as vowel changes or consonant modifications, to indicate grammatical relationships, such as tense, number, and case

język fuzyjny, język fuzjonalny

a type of language where the majority of words are composed of a single syllable

język monosylabiczny, język jednosyllabowy

a type of language in which grammatical relationships, such as tense, number, or case, are not explicitly indicated by the use of morphological markers or inflections

język zero-znakowania, język bez znaczników morfologicznych

a group of languages that are believed to have descended from a common ancestral language

rodzina językowa, grupa językowa

the process of analyzing and contrasting linguistic elements across different languages to identify similarities and differences

porównanie międzyjęzykowe, analiza porównawcza języków

the systematic association or correspondence between linguistic units, such as sounds, words, or grammatical structures, within a language or across languages

wyrównanie, zgodność

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (absolutive) is treated differently from the subject of a transitive verb (ergative), often found in languages that exhibit ergativity

ergatywno-absolutywna alignacja, ergatywno-absolutywne system

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (nominative) is treated similarly to the subject of a transitive verb (nominative), while the object of a transitive verb (accusative) is marked differently, commonly found in languages that exhibit accusativity

układ nominatywno-accusativus, system nominatywno-accusativus

a grammatical system where verbs in a language are marked or behave differently based on whether the subject is considered volitional or agentive (active) or non-volitional or experiencer-like (stative), often found in languages that exhibit such semantic distinctions

aktywno-statywne wyrównanie, system aktywno-statywnego wyrównania

the typological pattern of grammatical alignment found in languages belonging to the Austronesian language family

ustawienie austroazjatyckie, austronazyjska struktura

the way in which grammatical markers and morphological processes interact with the syntax of a language to determine the alignment pattern between arguments and verb forms

morfosyntaktyczne wyregulowanie, morfosyntaktyczna struktura

a grammatical system in which the arguments of a verb are marked differently based on their grammatical role

trójstronna alokacja, trójczęściowe wyrównanie

a phenomenon in which a language exhibits a mixed pattern of ergative-absolutive alignment in some grammatical contexts and nominative-accusative alignment in others

podzielona ergatywność, częściowa ergatywność

a grammatical system where the subject of an intransitive verb (nominative) is treated similarly to the subject of a transitive verb (nominative), while the object of a transitive verb (absolutive) is marked differently

nominatywno-absolutywna struktura, system nominatywno-absolutyny

a type of grammatical system in which verbs are marked to indicate the semantic role relationships between the subject and object(s) of a sentence

język bezpośrednio-odwrotny, system gramatyczny odwrotnie bezpośredni

a type of language that exhibits a particular alignment pattern in the marking of the object of a transitive verb

język sekundatywny

a type of language where grammatical relationships between words are primarily marked on the dependent or non-head elements of a construction, rather than on the head or main element

język z oznaczeniem zależnym, język znaku zależności

a type of language where grammatical relationships between words are primarily marked on the head or main elements of a construction, rather than on the dependents

język z oznaczaniem głowy, język z markowaniem na głowie

a type of language where the subject of a sentence can be omitted or left unexpressed when it can be inferred from the context

język o braku podmiotu, język z pominiętym podmiotem

a type of language in which words are constructed by combining multiple morphemes to express complex meanings

język polimorficzny, język z polimorficzną strukturą

a type of word or linguistic form found in certain languages that vividly describes sensory perceptions or states, often related to sound, movement, color, or other sensory experiences

ideofon, słowo ideofoniczne