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Basic Sciences - Biology

Study terms related to microorganisms, cellular organisms, pathogens, biological processes, metabolism, and laboratory cultivation.

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Words Related to Basic Sciences
bacteria
bacteria
[noun]

(microbiology) single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and living organisms, and can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

Ex: Bacteria play a crucial role in the decomposition of organic matter in the ecosystem. 
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fungus
fungus
[noun]

a plant-like organism that often grows on organic matter and has no flowers or leaves, such as moulds and mushrooms

Ex: They discovered a new species of fungus in the rainforest that glows in the dark. 
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virus
virus
[noun]

a microscopic agent that causes disease in people, animals, and plants

Ex: A virus entered his body and made him sick. 
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phage
phage
[noun]

(biology) a virus that infects and replicates within bacterial cells

Ex: The phage attached to the bacterium's surface and injected its genetic material. 
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germ
germ
[noun]

a small living organism that causes disease or infection

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microbe
microbe
[noun]

a very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease

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microbial
microbial
[Adjective]

related to microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists

Ex: Microbial contamination can occur if food is not stored properly. 
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organism
organism
[noun]

a living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own

Ex: The pond ecosystem is home to a variety of organisms, including fish, algae, and bacteria. 
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organic
organic
[Adjective]

(of food or farming techniques) produced or done without any artificial or chemical substances

Ex: Organic farming relies on natural methods and avoids the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. 
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ameba
ameba
[noun]

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

Ex: Amebas are commonly found in various aquatic environments, including freshwater ponds and streams. 
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eukaryote
eukaryote
[noun]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

Ex: Plants, with their roots, stems, and leaves, are examples of eukaryotes. 
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prokaryote

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea

Ex: Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), are common examples of prokaryotes. 
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parasite
parasite
[noun]

(biology) a small organism that lives on or inside another organism, called a host, and is dependent on it for nutrition and growth

Ex: The mosquito is a well-known parasite that feeds on the blood of its host, often transmitting diseases in the process. 
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symbiosis
symbiosis
[noun]

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

Ex: The relationship between cleaner fish and larger fish, where the cleaner fish remove parasites, represents a mutualistic symbiosis. 
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pathogen
pathogen
[noun]

any organism that can cause diseases

Ex: The laboratory tests confirmed the presence of a bacterial pathogen responsible for the patient's severe food poisoning. 
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protozoan
protozoan
[Adjective]

(biology) of or relating to protozoans, microscopic single-celled eukaryotic organisms

Ex: The lab technician identified a protozoan parasite in the water sample. 
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to secrete

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

Ex: Salivary glands secrete enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. 
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metabolism

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

Ex: Metabolism involves various biochemical reactions that convert nutrients from food into energy. 
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fossil
fossil
[noun]

the preserved remains or traces of ancient plants, animals, or other organisms found in rock

Ex: The fossil of a dinosaur was discovered in the desert. 
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to archaeon

(biology) any single-celled microorganism belonging to the domain Archaea, structurally and genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes

Ex: The extremophilic archaeon was harvested from a hydrothermal vent at the ocean floor. 
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culture
culture
[noun]

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

Ex: Microbiologists use agar plates to culture bacteria for studying their growth and characteristics. 
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capsid
capsid
[noun]

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

Ex: The capsid of a virus provides structural integrity, enclosing and protecting its genetic material. 
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anaerobic
anaerobic
[Adjective]

not needing free oxygen to function

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in vivo
in vivo
[Adverb]

within a living organism

Ex: The drug's effectiveness was tested in vivo using a mouse model of diabetes. 
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in vitro
in vitro
[Adverb]

outside a living body, typically in a controlled laboratory setting such as a test tube or culture dish

Ex: The vaccine candidate was first tested in vitro before any animal trials began. 
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life cycle

all the different stages of grow and development of a living organism

Ex: The life cycle of a butterfly includes four main stages. 
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medium
medium
[noun]

a substance used to grow microorganisms, either as a liquid or solid

Ex: The lab used agar as a medium to grow bacteria. 
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nutrient
nutrient
[noun]

a chemical element or inorganic compound that green plants absorb and incorporate into their organic molecules to support growth and metabolism

Ex: In hydroponic systems, growers routinely adjust the nutrient solution's nitrogen and potassium levels to maximize lettuce production. 
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