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Applied Science and Research - Programming

Study terms related to programming languages, code structure, algorithms, data processing, software development, and debugging.

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Words Related to Applied Science and Research
front end
front end
[noun]

a part of a computer that is easily accessible and one uses constantly

Ex: The front end of a computer typically refers to the user interface, including the monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other input devices. 
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binary
binary
[Adjective]

based on or using a numerical system that operates only on 0 and 1

Ex: The binary system is fundamental to digital technology and computing. 
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bit
bit
[noun]

(computing) the smallest unit of data, representing a binary state of 0 or 1

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byte
byte
[noun]

a unit for measuring the size of computer data that equals 8 bits

Ex: The text file is 1 megabyte in size, which is equivalent to 8 million bytes. 
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to code
to code
[Verb]

to write a computer program using specific instructions

Ex: She coded a new software application to automate tasks at work. 
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command
command
[noun]

an instruction that tells a computer to perform a specific task or function

Ex: She entered the command to save the document before closing the application. 
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programmer

a person who writes computer programs

Ex: She's a skilled programmer who develops mobile applications for smartphones. 
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software engineer

a person who designs and creates computer programs using special tools and languages

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back end
back end
[noun]

a part of a computer responsible for storing and controlling data where users cannot easily access

Ex: The back end of a website comprises the server, database, and application logic that work together to process and store data submitted by users. 
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dataset
dataset
[noun]

(computing) a collection of data treated as a single unit

Ex: The dataset contained over 10,000 images for training the model. 
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deep learning

an AI method using neural networks to learn patterns from massive data

Ex: Deep learning powers the voice recognition in most modern assistants. 
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machine learning

a branch of artificial intelligence where computers learn how to perform specific operations without previous instructions

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to encode
to encode
[Verb]

to transform data into a coded form

Ex: Computer programmers encode sensitive information to protect it from unauthorized access. 
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to encrypt

to convert data or information into a coded form, mainly to prevent unauthorized access

Ex: The company encrypts sensitive customer data to protect it from hackers. 
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to generate

to create a new set of data by using a mathematical or logical process to transform an existing set of data

Ex: The computer program generates random numbers to simulate various scenarios in the statistical model. 
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instruction

a line of command that tells a computer what to do

Ex: Each instruction in the program directs the computer to perform a specific task, such as adding numbers or displaying text. 
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markup
markup
[noun]

detailed instructions, often written on a manuscript, indicating how text should be formatted or printed

Ex: The editor added markup to the manuscript to indicate italics and bold text. 
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patch
patch
[noun]

a small piece of code or update applied to existing software to fix issues, enhance functionality, or address vulnerabilities

Ex: You need to install the latest patch to improve the app’s performance. 
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to program

to write a set of codes in order to make a computer or a machine perform a particular task

Ex: She programmed the robot to navigate through the maze autonomously. 
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script
script
[noun]

(computing) a sequence of instructions executed in response to an event or command

Ex: The script ran automatically when the user clicked the submit button. 
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source code

a text containing instructions in a specific order that supports a programming language which human can read and it specifies the behaviors of a computer system

Ex: The developer reviewed the source code to fix the bug. 
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machine code

the low-level instructions that a computer's processor executes directly

Ex: The compiler translates source code into machine code for execution. 
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reserved word

(computing) a keyword with a predefined meaning that cannot be used as a variable name

Ex: You cannot name your variable "if" because it is a reserved word. 
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query language

a language that uses procedural operators to request and retrieve data from a database

Ex: SQL is the most widely used query language for relational databases. 
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Pascal
Pascal
[noun]

a high-level programming language designed for teaching structured programming

Ex: She learned programming concepts using Pascal in her first computer science course. 
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graphical user interface

the visual interaction that users have with the computer through icons, menus, etc.

Ex: The software update included a new graphical user interface. 
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Extensible Markup Language

(computing) a markup system for structuring text and data in a machine-readable format

Ex: The configuration file is stored in Extensible Markup Language for easy parsing. 
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algorithm
algorithm
[noun]

a finite sequence of well-defined, mathematical instructions for completing a specific task or solving a problem

Ex: The Euclidean algorithm is used to find the greatest common divisor of two integers. 
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loop
loop
[noun]

(computing) a single iteration of a repeated sequence of instructions

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statement
statement
[noun]

(computing) a single line of code that performs a specific action

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syntax
syntax
[noun]

the set of rules that defines how statements and commands must be written in a computer programming language

Ex: A missing semicolon can cause a syntax error. 
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compiler
compiler
[noun]

a program that translates source code written in a programming language into machine code or bytecode, allowing the computer's central processing unit (CPU) to execute the program

Ex: Programmers use a compiler to convert high-level programming code into machine code that a computer can execute. 
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framework
framework
[noun]

a structure or model guiding organization or development, often with rules or principles

Ex: The legal framework outlines the rules and regulations governing business operations. 
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programming language

(computing) a formal language used to write instructions for computers

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command line

a text interface where users type commands to execute programs

Ex: She used the command line to compile the source code. 
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