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Cambridge IELTS 18 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 3 (2)

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 4 - Reading - Passage 3 (2) in the Cambridge IELTS 18 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

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Cambridge IELTS 18 - Academic
influence
influence
[noun]

a mental factor that impacts actions or decisions

Ex: Peer pressure is a strong influence on teenage behavior. 
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to advance

to help something progress or succeed

Ex: The student diligently studied each day to advance their understanding of the subject. 
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contact
contact
[noun]

an individual with whom one has established a professional or personal relationship, typically for the purpose of obtaining information, assistance, etc.

Ex: He reached out to his contacts in the industry to help him find a new job. 
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study
study
[noun]

a room in a house where a person reads or writes something

Ex: My grandfather spends hours in his study, surrounded by books and papers. 
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observation

a fact or piece of information gathered by noticing or watching something carefully

Ex: His observations have proven to be critical in solving the case. 
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extensive
extensive
[Adjective]

covering a wide range, indicating thoroughness or comprehensiveness

Ex: She did extensive research for her thesis, reading many books and articles. 
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speculation

the creation of theories or opinions about something with no fact or proof

Ex: The stock market is often influenced by speculation about future trends. 
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parallel
parallel
[Adjective]

having a comparable nature, structure, or function to something else

Ex: Their experiences in different countries were surprisingly parallel. 
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biographer

someone who writes the story about the events of someone's life

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accurate
accurate
[Adjective]

(of measurements, information, etc.) free from errors and matching facts

Ex: The scientist presented an accurate report based on years of research. 
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to [take] shape

to develop into a recognizable or distinct form or structure

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to evolve
to evolve
[Verb]

to develop from a simple form to a more complex or sophisticated one over an extended period

Ex: The Internet has evolved from a basic communication tool to a complex network of information. 
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firmly
firmly
[Adverb]

in a resolute, determined, or unwavering manner, often indicating certainty or strength of conviction

Ex: She firmly believes that honesty is the best policy. 
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to [be] of the opinion that

to believe something to be the case

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sense
sense
[noun]

an overall, conscious recognition or understanding of a situation, feeling, or environment

Ex: She had the sense of being a political outsider. 
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apparent
apparent
[Adjective]

seeming to be true but not necessarily

Ex: The apparent solution to the problem turned out to be ineffective. 
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retrospectively

considering things from a past point of view

Ex: The team analyzed the project retrospectively to identify areas for improvement. 
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happenstance

an event that happens by chance, especially a fortunate one

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coherent
coherent
[Adjective]

logical and consistent, forming a unified and clear whole, especially in arguments, theories, or policies

Ex: The plot of the novel was coherent, with all the events and characters contributing to a unified storyline. 
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narrative
narrative
[noun]

a way of telling a story or explaining a situation to support a particular view or goal

Ex: The politician's speech crafted a narrative that highlighted the benefits of the new policy. 
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to dispute

to doubt a fact or to call its truth into question

Ex: He disputed the accuracy of the witness's testimony, claiming it was unreliable. 
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to defend
to defend
[Verb]

to support someone or try to justify an action, plan, etc.

Ex: She worked hard to defend her research against critics in the academic community. 
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respected
respected
[Adjective]

admired and valued by others for one's qualities, achievements, or actions

Ex: He was a respected elder in the community, known for his wisdom and compassion. 
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publication

a printed work, such as a book, magazine, etc. that is publicly distributed

Ex: The library has a collection of rare publications from the 19th century. 
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to rely on

to depend on someone or something for support and assistance

Ex: The company relies on its dedicated employees to succeed. 
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range
range
[noun]

a variety of things that are different but are of the same general type

Ex: The store offers a wide range of electronics, from smartphones to laptops. 
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modest
modest
[Adjective]

relatively moderate, limited, or small in scope, size, or amount

Ex: They made a modest investment in the project. 
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vast
vast
[Adjective]

extremely great in extent, size, or area

Ex: The explorers marveled at the vast desert stretching endlessly before them. 
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record-breaking
record-breaking
[Adjective]

surpassing anything that has been done before, particularly beyond any previous record

Ex: The athlete set a record-breaking time in the marathon. 
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debate
debate
[noun]

a discussion about a particular issue between two opposing sides, mainly held publicly

Ex: The candidates participated in a televised debate to present their views on economic policy. 
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hazardous
hazardous
[Adjective]

presenting danger or threat, particularly to people's health or safety

Ex: The hazardous chemicals should be handled with care to avoid accidents. 
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perspective

a specific manner of considering something

Ex: From a historical perspective, the Renaissance marked a period of great cultural advancement. 
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desirable
desirable
[Adjective]

worth doing or having

Ex: The job offer came with a desirable salary and benefits package. 
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to indicate

to mention or express something in few words

Ex: She indicated her preference for Italian cuisine when choosing a restaurant for dinner. 
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particularly
particularly
[Adverb]

to a degree that is higher than usual

Ex: The restaurant is particularly busy on Friday nights. 
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ambitious
ambitious
[Adjective]

trying or wishing to gain great success, power, or wealth

Ex: Always the ambitious student, she dreamed of attending a top university and then establishing her own global enterprise. 
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to adopt
to adopt
[Verb]

to accept, embrace, or incorporate a particular idea, practice, or belief into one's own behavior or lifestyle

Ex: The organization currently adopts eco-friendly policies to reduce its carbon footprint. 
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to doubt
to doubt
[Verb]

to not believe or trust in something's truth or accuracy

Ex: She began to doubt her decision after receiving conflicting advice. 
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to ensure
to ensure
[Verb]

to make sure that something will happen

Ex: She ensures the quality of the products before they are shipped. 
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sufficient
sufficient
[Adjective]

having enough of something to meet a particular need or requirement

Ex: He had saved a sufficient amount of money to purchase the new computer. 
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guide
guide
[noun]

a person who leads or advises others on the way to go

Ex: Her mentor was a guide, offering wisdom during tough decisions. 
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to [make] sense

to be understandable in a way that is reasonable

Ex: Her explanation didn't make sense to me; I couldn't understand why she made that decision. 
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to urge
to urge
[Verb]

to strongly recommend something

Ex: The safety inspector urged caution when handling hazardous materials in the workplace. 
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interruption

an abrupt event that stops or disrupts something in progress

Ex: The power outage caused an interruption in the middle of her online meeting. 
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change of mind

a decision to reverse an earlier decision

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renewed
renewed
[Adjective]

restored to a new condition

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to entail
to entail
[Verb]

to require or involve certain actions, conditions, or consequences as a necessary part of a situation or decision

Ex: Completing the project on time entails working overtime if necessary. 
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to publish

to produce a newspaper, book, etc. for the public to purchase

Ex: The company published a new novel last month. 
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exception
exception
[noun]

a person or thing that does not follow a general rule or is excluded from a class or group

Ex: The school generally does not allow cell phones in class, but there is an exception for students with special needs. 
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