آیلتس آکادمیک (باند 8 و بالاتر) - Geology

a large, rigid section of the Earth's lithosphere that moves, leading to geological activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

زمین‌ساخت صفحه‌ای, تکتونیک صفحه‌ای

the scientific study of the Earth's lithosphere and the processes that shape its structure, including the movement of tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanic activity

زمین‌ساخت, تکتونیک

(in geology) a narrow break or crack that partially divides a rock or surface without completely separating it

شکاف, درز، فاق

a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle

فرورانش

the gravitational balance between Earth's rigid lithosphere and the underlying, semi-fluid asthenosphere, influencing variations in surface elevation

هم‌تنشی, ایزوستازی

the Earth's rigid outer layer, made up of the crust and upper mantle, and divided into tectonic plates

لیتوسفر

a layer of semi-fluid rock beneath the Earth's crust that allows tectonic plates to move

سست‌کره, استنوسفر

a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks, characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems

کارست

the geological process of mountain building, usually occurring due to the collision or convergence of tectonic plates

کوه‌زایی

a hollow rock with a cavity inside, lined with crystals or mineral material, formed through natural processes and often valued for its aesthetic qualities

پوک‌سنگ, ژئود

a volcanic rock that often contains diamonds, formed during explosive eruptions from the Earth's mantle, and is of particular interest in diamond exploration and mining

کیمبرلیت

the geological process involving the expansion and movement of glaciers, shaping landscapes through erosion, deposition, and the formation of distinctive glacial landforms

دوره یخبندان, یخ‌زدگی

a deposit of rocks, sediment, and glacial material left by a moving glacier, forming distinctive landforms along its edges or terminus

یخ‌رفت, مورن

a streamlined, elongated hill formed by glacial action, with a teardrop shape and the steeper end facing the direction of ice movement

تپه یخچالی, دروملین

the scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves, providing insights into Earth's interior, tectonic plate movement, and earthquake hazards

زلزله‌شناسی

a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption

کاسه آتش‌فشانی, کالدرا

the physical and chemical changes occurring in sediments between their deposition and their consolidation into sedimentary rock

ترازایش, دیاژنز