IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9) - Geology

在这里，你将学习一些与地质学相关的英语单词，这些单词是学术雅思考试所必需的。

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plate

[名词]

a large, rigid section of the Earth's lithosphere that moves, leading to geological activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

板块, 构造板块

Ex: The movement of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate leads to the formation of the Andes and volcanic activity.纳斯卡**板块**在南美**板块**下的运动导致了安第斯山脉的形成和火山活动。

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tectonics

[名词]

the scientific study of the Earth's lithosphere and the processes that shape its structure, including the movement of tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanic activity

构造地质学, 板块构造研究

Ex: Tectonics is a multidisciplinary science that integrates geophysics , geology , and geochemistry to unravel the complexities of Earth 's lithospheric processes .**构造学**是一门多学科科学，它整合了地球物理学、地质学和地球化学，以揭示地球岩石圈过程的复杂性。

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fissure

[名词]

(in geology) a narrow break or crack that partially divides a rock or surface without completely separating it

裂缝, 裂隙

Ex: The tectonic plates pulled apart , causing a new fissure to emerge in the earth 's surface .

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subduction

[名词]

a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle

俯冲, 下沉

Ex: The Ring of Fire is a prominent zone of subduction-related volcanic and seismic activity encircling the Pacific Ocean basin.火环是环绕太平洋盆地的一个突出的与**俯冲**相关的火山和地震活动带。

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isostasy

[名词]

the gravitational balance between Earth's rigid lithosphere and the underlying, semi-fluid asthenosphere, influencing variations in surface elevation

地壳均衡, 均衡平衡

Ex: Isostasy is a fundamental principle in geophysics, guiding our understanding of the dynamic balance between Earth's rigid and fluid layers.**地壳均衡**是地球物理学中的一个基本原则，指导我们理解地球刚性层和流体层之间的动态平衡。

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lithosphere

[名词]

the Earth's rigid outer layer, made up of the crust and upper mantle, and divided into tectonic plates

岩石圈, 地球的刚性外层

Ex: The lithosphere is in constant motion , with plates drifting and interacting over geological time scales .**岩石圈**处于不断运动中，板块在地质时间尺度上漂移和相互作用。

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asthenosphere

[名词]

a layer of semi-fluid rock beneath the Earth's crust that allows tectonic plates to move

软流圈, 地壳下半流体的岩石层

Ex: The movement of magma from the asthenosphere to the Earth's surface leads to volcanic activity in regions like the Pacific Ring of Fire.岩浆从**软流圈**向地球表面的移动导致了环太平洋火山带等地区的火山活动。

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karst

[名词]

a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks, characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems

喀斯特, 喀斯特地貌

Ex: Karst aquifers are important sources of groundwater for drinking water and irrigation in many regions around the world, but they are also susceptible to contamination and pollution.**喀斯特**含水层是世界上许多地区饮用水和灌溉的重要地下水来源，但它们也容易受到污染。

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orogeny

[名词]

the geological process of mountain building, usually occurring due to the collision or convergence of tectonic plates

造山运动, 山脉形成

Ex: The Appalachian orogeny played a role in the formation of the supercontinent Laurasia during the Paleozoic era .阿巴拉契亚**造山运动**在古生代超级大陆劳亚大陆的形成中发挥了作用。

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geode

[名词]

a hollow rock with a cavity inside, lined with crystals or mineral material, formed through natural processes and often valued for its aesthetic qualities

晶洞, 晶球

Ex: During a field trip , students unearthed a geode in a riverbed , marveling at the hidden treasures inside .

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kimberlite

[名词]

a volcanic rock that often contains diamonds, formed during explosive eruptions from the Earth's mantle, and is of particular interest in diamond exploration and mining

金伯利岩, 金伯利岩石

Ex: Prospecting teams use geophysical methods to locate potential kimberlite pipes beneath the Earth 's surface .勘探团队使用地球物理方法来定位地球表面下潜在的**金伯利岩**管。

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glaciation

[名词]

the geological process involving the expansion and movement of glaciers, shaping landscapes through erosion, deposition, and the formation of distinctive glacial landforms

冰川作用, 冰河时期

Ex: Glaciation played a role in shaping the iconic Yosemite Valley in California .**冰川作用**在塑造加利福尼亚标志性的优胜美地山谷中发挥了作用。

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moraine

[名词]

a deposit of rocks, sediment, and glacial material left by a moving glacier, forming distinctive landforms along its edges or terminus

冰碛, 冰川沉积物

Ex: Medial moraines, resulting from the merging of two glaciers , were observed in the high mountain ranges .在高山山脉中观察到了由两条冰川合并形成的中**冰碛**。

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drumlin

[名词]

a streamlined, elongated hill formed by glacial action, with a teardrop shape and the steeper end facing the direction of ice movement

鼓丘, 由冰川作用形成的流线型细长山丘

Ex: As the ice sheet advanced , it left behind a series of drumlins, each bearing evidence of its journey .随着冰盖的推进，它留下了一系列的**冰丘**，每一个都承载着它旅程的证据。

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seismology

[名词]

the scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves, providing insights into Earth's interior, tectonic plate movement, and earthquake hazards

地震学, 地震研究

Ex: The principles of seismology are applied to investigate the effects of earthquakes on structures and infrastructure .**地震学**的原理被应用于研究地震对结构和基础设施的影响。

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caldera

[名词]

a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption

破火山口, 火山口

Ex: The Aira Caldera in Japan contains the active Sakurajima volcano and forms Kagoshima Bay.日本的姶良**破火山口**包含活跃的樱岛火山并形成鹿儿岛湾。

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diagenesis

[名词]

the physical and chemical changes occurring in sediments between their deposition and their consolidation into sedimentary rock

成岩作用, 成岩过程

Ex: The study of diagenesis provides insights into the history of sedimentary rocks and the environmental conditions present during their formation, as well as their potential as hydrocarbon reservoirs.对**成岩作用**的研究提供了对沉积岩历史及其形成过程中存在的环境条件的见解，以及它们作为油气藏的潜力。

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IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9)

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IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9) - Geology