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Scienze Naturali SAT - Neurologia e Biochimica del Sangue

Qui imparerai alcune parole inglesi relative alla neurologia e alla biochimica del sangue, come "leptina", "grelina", ecc., che ti serviranno per superare i tuoi SAT.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
neuron
[sostantivo]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neurone

neurone

Ex: Learning and memory depend on the ability of neurons to form new connections .L'apprendimento e la memoria dipendono dalla capacità dei **neuroni** di formare nuove connessioni.
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white matter
[sostantivo]

the tissue in the central nervous system composed of myelinated nerve fibers

sostanza bianca, materia bianca

sostanza bianca, materia bianca

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connectome
[sostantivo]

a comprehensive map or diagram that depicts the complete set of neural connections within a nervous system

connectoma, mappa delle connessioni neurali

connectoma, mappa delle connessioni neurali

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parasympathetic
[aggettivo]

relating to the part of the nervous system that promotes relaxation and digestion in the body

parasimpatico

parasimpatico

Ex: Certain meditation techniques can enhance parasympathetic function , reducing stress levels .Alcune tecniche di meditazione possono migliorare la funzione **parasimpatica**, riducendo i livelli di stress.
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autonomic
[aggettivo]

relating to bodily functions that occur automatically, without conscious effort or control

autonomo, vegetativo

autonomo, vegetativo

Ex: The fight-or-flight response is an example of an autonomic reaction to perceived threat .La risposta di lotta o fuga è un esempio di reazione **autonoma** a una minaccia percepita.
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hippocampus
[sostantivo]

a curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigationa curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigation

ippocampo, struttura ippocampale

ippocampo, struttura ippocampale

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parietal cortex
[sostantivo]

the outer layer of neural tissue in the parietal lobe involved in sensory processing and spatial awareness

corteccia parietale, cortex parietale

corteccia parietale, cortex parietale

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neurotransmitter
[sostantivo]

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotrasmettitore

neurotrasmettitore

Ex: Neurotransmitters transmit signals from one neuron to another across synapses .I **neurotrasmettitori** trasmettono segnali da un neurone all'altro attraverso le sinapsi.
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neurogenesis
[sostantivo]

the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain, occurring primarily during prenatal development but also continuing into adulthood in certain brain regions

neurogenesi, generazione di neuroni

neurogenesi, generazione di neuroni

Ex: Neurogenesis in the olfactory system allows for the continuous replenishment of neurons involved in smell perception.La **neurogenesi** nel sistema olfattivo permette il continuo rinnovamento dei neuroni coinvolti nella percezione degli odori.
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neurosis
[sostantivo]

a mental condition that is not caused by organic disease in which one is constantly anxious, worried, and stressed

nevrosi

nevrosi

Ex: Symptoms of neurosis can include persistent feelings of sadness , irritability , and fear , often without a clear or rational cause .I sintomi della **nevrosi** possono includere sentimenti persistenti di tristezza, irritabilità e paura, spesso senza una causa chiara o razionale.
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neuroscientist
[sostantivo]

a scientist who studies the structure, function, and disorders of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord

neuroscienziato, specialista in neuroscienze

neuroscienziato, specialista in neuroscienze

Ex: Many neuroscientists collaborate across disciplines to unravel the complexities of brain development .Molti **neuroscienziati** collaborano tra discipline per svelare le complessità dello sviluppo del cervello.
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synesthesia
[sostantivo]

a neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

sinestesia, sinestesia

sinestesia, sinestesia

Ex: Synesthesia can manifest in various forms, such as associating numbers with specific colors.La **sinestesia** può manifestarsi in varie forme, come associare numeri a colori specifici.
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sensation
[sostantivo]

a physical perception caused by an outside stimulus or something being in touch with the body

sensazione

sensazione

Ex: The sensation of the soft sand beneath her feet was relaxing .La **sensazione** della sabbia morbida sotto i suoi piedi era rilassante.
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short-term memory
[sostantivo]

the temporary storage of information that is currently being used or actively processed by the brain, typically for a few seconds to a few minutes

memoria a breve termine, memoria immediata

memoria a breve termine, memoria immediata

Ex: Short-term memory is essential for completing tasks that require immediate recall of instructions or details .La **memoria a breve termine** è essenziale per completare compiti che richiedono il richiamo immediato di istruzioni o dettagli.
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endocrinology
[sostantivo]

the branch of medicine and physiology dealing with the endocrine system that controls the hormones in one's body

endocrinologia

endocrinologia

Ex: A career in endocrinology requires a deep understanding of the endocrine system , including glands like the pituitary , thyroid , and pancreas .Una carriera in **endocrinologia** richiede una profonda comprensione del sistema endocrino, comprese ghiandole come l'ipofisi, la tiroide e il pancreas.
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melatonin
[sostantivo]

a hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and promotes restful sleep

melatonina, ormone del sonno

melatonina, ormone del sonno

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ghrelin
[sostantivo]

a hormone produced mainly by the stomach that stimulates appetite and regulates hunger

grelina, ormone della fame

grelina, ormone della fame

Ex: Ghrelin levels decrease after eating, contributing to the feeling of satiety and reduced hunger.I livelli di **grelina** diminuiscono dopo aver mangiato, contribuendo alla sensazione di sazietà e alla riduzione della fame.
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leptin
[sostantivo]

a hormone produced primarily by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and promoting feelings of fullness

leptina, ormone della sazietà

leptina, ormone della sazietà

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estrogen
[sostantivo]

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

estrogeno

estrogeno

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serotonin
[sostantivo]

a neurotransmitter primarily found in the brain and gastrointestinal tract that plays a key role in mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and various physiological functions

serotonina, 5-idrossitriptamina (5-HT)

serotonina, 5-idrossitriptamina (5-HT)

Ex: Serotonin imbalance can contribute to mood disorders such as depression or anxiety .Lo squilibrio della **serotonina** può contribuire a disturbi dell'umore come la depressione o l'ansia.
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norepinephrine
[sostantivo]

a hormone and neurotransmitter that regulates the body's stress response

noradrenalina, norepinefrina

noradrenalina, norepinefrina

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histamine
[sostantivo]

a compound released by cells in response to injury, allergy, or immune reactions, causing inflammation, itching, and other allergy symptoms

istamina

istamina

Ex: Allergies trigger the release of histamine, causing symptoms like sneezing and watery eyes .Le allergie scatenano il rilascio di **istamina**, causando sintomi come starnuti e occhi che lacrimano.
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lipoprotein
[sostantivo]

a biochemical assembly that transports fats in the bloodstream, composed of proteins and lipids

lipoproteina, proteina lipidica

lipoproteina, proteina lipidica

Ex: Research shows that diet and lifestyle changes can affect lipoprotein levels and overall heart health.La ricerca mostra che i cambiamenti nella dieta e nello stile di vita possono influenzare i livelli di **lipoproteina** e la salute generale del cuore.
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synapse
[sostantivo]

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

sinapsi, giunzione sinaptica

sinapsi, giunzione sinaptica

Ex: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a phenomenon occurring at synapses, associated with the strengthening of synaptic connections and learning and memory.La potenziazione a lungo termine (LTP) è un fenomeno che si verifica a livello delle **sinapsi**, associato al rafforzamento delle connessioni sinaptiche e all'apprendimento e alla memoria.
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biomarker
[sostantivo]

a biological indicator found in blood that can be measured and evaluated to indicate a particular physiological or pathological condition, or the response to treatment

biomarcatore, marcatore biologico

biomarcatore, marcatore biologico

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amino acid
[sostantivo]

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

aminoacido

aminoacido

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acidosis
[sostantivo]

a medical condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a lower pH than normal

acidosi, acidemia

acidosi, acidemia

Ex: Treatment for acidosis focuses on correcting the underlying cause and restoring acid-base balance in the body .Il trattamento dell'**acidosi** si concentra sul correggere la causa sottostante e sul ripristinare l'equilibrio acido-base nel corpo.
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alkalosis
[sostantivo]

a medical condition characterized by an excess of base or alkali in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a higher pH than normal

alcalosi, alcalemia

alcalosi, alcalemia

Ex: Treatment for alkalosis focuses on addressing the underlying cause and restoring acid-base balance in the body .Il trattamento dell'**alcalosi** si concentra sull'affrontare la causa sottostante e sul ripristinare l'equilibrio acido-base nel corpo.
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hemoglobin
[sostantivo]

a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

emoglobina, globina

emoglobina, globina

Ex: Anemia results from insufficient hemoglobin.
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cytokine
[sostantivo]

a small protein that regulates immune responses and cell communication in the human body

citochina, proteina di segnalazione cellulare

citochina, proteina di segnalazione cellulare

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inhibitory
[aggettivo]

having the ability to restrain, limit, or suppress activity or function

inibitorio, frenante

inibitorio, frenante

Ex: The brain 's inhibitory processes prevent sensory overload by filtering out unnecessary information .I processi **inibitori** del cervello prevengono il sovraccarico sensoriale filtrando le informazioni non necessarie.
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Scienze Naturali SAT
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