Podstawowe Słownictwo do TOEFL - Punkt widzenia

to firmly and persistently express an opinion, belief, or statement as true and valid

utrzymywać, twierdzić

to have a specific opinion or belief about someone or something

trzymać, mieć

to support someone or try to justify an action, plan, etc.

bronić, popierać

to publicly support or recommend something

popierać, zalecać

to form an opinion by considering the information at hand

obliczyć, ocenić

to argue with someone, particularly over the ownership of something, facts, etc.

kwestionować, spierać się

to draw a general conclusion based on specific cases that can be irrelevant to other situations

generalizować, dokonywać generalizacji

to disagree with or not fit well with a specific rule, concept, or standard

być w sprzeczności z, w przeciwieństwie do

to mention someone or something of prominence as a support or reason for an argument or action

przywołać, powołać się

to have a certain opinion regarding an issue

zająć stanowisko, wyrazić opinię

to form a theory or opinion about a subject without knowing all the facts

spekulować, przypuszczać

to disagree with someone or to hold different opinions, viewpoints, or beliefs

różnić się, być w niezgodzie

to disagree with someone, particularly by asserting the opposite of their statement

przeczyć, obalić

to express confidence or certainty in something happening or being the case

zakładać, postawić zakład że

the act of judging or evaluating someone or something carefully based on specific standards or principles

ocena, ewaluacja

the act of claiming something or declaring something to be true

twierdzenie, oświadczenie

a behavior that favors a particular perspective, ideology, or outcom, often resulting in unfair judgment of someone or something

stronniczość, upodobanie

causing a lot of strong public disagreement or discussion

kontrowersyjny, polemiczny

an opposing argument or viewpoint that challenges an idea or theory

kontrargument, argument przeciwny

used to introduce additional information

ponadto, dodatkowo

to strongly disagree with a policy, plan, idea, etc. and try to prevent or change it

sprzeciwiać się, oponować

to give a fact or an opinion as a reason against something

zgłaszać sprzeciw, przeciwdziałać

having a tendency to do something

skłonny, tendencjonalny

(of a person or ideology) not extreme or radical and considered reasonable by a majority of people

umiarkowany, powściągliwy

the opinions, activities, or methods that are considered normal because they are accepted by a majority of people

mainstream, głównego nurtu

disagreement among members of a group or society

podział, rozbieżność

a conclusion one reaches from the existing evidence or known facts

wniosek, inference

based only on facts and not influenced by personal feelings or judgments

obiektywny, bezstronny

based on or influenced by personal feelings or opinions rather than facts

subiektywny, subiektywność

not believed to be true and open to question and disagreement

kwestionowalny, wątpliwy

favorable or supportive in attitude or response

pozytywny, wspierający

(of a person) ready to argue and often arguing

kłótliwy, argumentujący

causing disagreement or competition

wyzywający, konkurencyjny

opposing something strongly

wrogi, oponujący

the quality of always acting or being the same way, or having the same opinions or standards

spójność, konsekwencja

negative feedback that highlights mistakes or areas for improvement

krytyka, negatywna informacja zwrotna