Естественные Науки SAT - Biology

a living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own

организм

a substance that provides nutrients and conditions for the growth of cells or microorganisms

питательная среда, среда для выращивания

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

культура, клеточная культура

relating to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life

метаболический

a representative or characteristic sample that is examined or analyzed to gain insights or understanding of a particular group or category

образец

(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family

род

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species

штамм, вариант

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

выделять

to discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat

экскретировать, испускать

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

эукариот

a type of reproduction where a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism

бесполое размножение

a type of cell division that creates reproductive cells with half the usual number of chromosomes

мейоз

the longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions

интерфаза, фаза интерфейса

the initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division

профаза

the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align along the center (equator) of the cell, preparing for their separation into daughter cells

метафаза, фаза метафазы

the stage of cell division where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

анагенез

the last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number

телофаза, телофаза I

to break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi

биодеградировать, разлагаться

any molecule produced by living organisms including large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as smaller molecules like vitamins, hormones, and metabolites

биомолекула, биологическая молекула

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

биоразнообразие

a field of study that combines biology and computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data

биоинформатика, биологическая информатика

not causing harmful reactions or adverse effects when in contact with biological systems

биосовместимый, биосовместимый

a branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations

биометрия, биометрические данные

the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms

микробиология

a scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels

физиолог

the scientific study of the environment or the interrelation of living creatures and the way they affect each other

экология

tourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature

экотуризм

an approach to innovation and problem-solving that draws inspiration from nature's designs, processes, and systems

биомимикрия, имитация природы

a thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them

слизь

a complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate

вирион, вирусная частица

the process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations

обусловливание, дрессировка

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

питательное вещество

a special cell used for reproduction, with sperm cells being the male gametes and egg cells being the female gametes

гамета

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit a particular environment

микробиом, микробиота

refering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence

антропогенный, вызванный человеческой деятельностью

the ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

мотивность, движение

a single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments

протист

reflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species

гомологичный

the light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage

биолуминисценция

a small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies

гидроид

the process by which a differentiated cell changes its identity and adopts the characteristics of a different cell type

трансп differentiation, транскапиляция

the network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate

мицелий

(of an organism) engaging in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction

мутивалист

describing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

комменсальный, симбиотический

a mutually beneficial symbiotic association between the roots of plants and fungi where the fungus colonizes the root system, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil

микориза, микоризы

(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells

ассимилировать, впитывать

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions

спора

the entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water

биомасса

the scientific discipline of classifying and naming organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics

таксономия

a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms

петри-диша, Петри-тарелка

a jelly-like substance extracted from algae, commonly used in biological culture media and as a thickening agent in foods

агар, желеподобное вещество

the study of the beginning and characteristic of the universe

космология

extremely venomous and effective

смертельный

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

разложение, деградация

(of organisms or cells) lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, with genetic material free-floating within the cell

прокариотный, прокариот

the underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds

субстрат, основа

capable of triggering an increase in the activity or responsiveness of the cell or organism

возбуждающий, эксцитаторный

a single-celled organism used extensively in biological research as a model organism

древесная дрожь, дрожжи деления

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

амеба

the process by which organisms evolve over time to better suit their environment, survive, and reproduce more effectively

адаптация