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自然科学 SAT - Biology

ここでは、SAT で合格するために必要な「属」、「ビリオン」、「終期」などの生物学に関連する英単語を学びます。

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
organism

a living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own

[名詞]
growth medium

a substance that provides nutrients and conditions for the growth of cells or microorganisms

[名詞]
culture

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

[名詞]
metabolic

relating to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life

[形容詞]
specimen

a representative or characteristic sample that is examined or analyzed to gain insights or understanding of a particular group or category

[名詞]
genus

(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family

[名詞]
strain

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species

[名詞]
to secrete

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

[動詞]
to excrete

to discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat

[動詞]
eukaryote

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

[名詞]
asexual reproduction

a type of reproduction where a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism

無性生殖,性的関与のない繁殖

無性生殖,性的関与のない繁殖

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[名詞]
meiosis

a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction

[名詞]
interphase

the longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions

[名詞]
prophase

the initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division

[名詞]
metaphase

the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align along the center (equator) of the cell, preparing for their separation into daughter cells

[名詞]
anaphase

the stage of cell division where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

後期

後期

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[名詞]
telophase

the last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number

[名詞]
to biodegrade

to break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi

生分解する,生物的に分解される

生分解する,生物的に分解される

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[動詞]
biomolecule

any molecule produced by living organisms including large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as smaller molecules like vitamins, hormones, and metabolites

[名詞]
biodiversity

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

生物多様性

生物多様性

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[名詞]
bioinformatics

a field of study that combines biology and computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data

[名詞]
biocompatible

not causing harmful reactions or adverse effects when in contact with biological systems

[形容詞]
biometrics

a branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations

生体認証,バイオメトリクス

生体認証,バイオメトリクス

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[名詞]
microbiology

the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms

[名詞]
physiologist

a scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels

[名詞]
ecology

the scientific study of the environment or the interrelation of living creatures and the way they affect each other

[名詞]
ecotourism

tourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature

[名詞]
biomimicry

an approach to innovation and problem-solving that draws inspiration from nature's designs, processes, and systems

[名詞]
mucus

a thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them

[名詞]
virion

a complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate

[名詞]
conditioning

the process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations

[名詞]
nutrient

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

[名詞]
gamete

a special cell used for reproduction, with sperm cells being the male gametes and egg cells being the female gametes

[名詞]
microbiome

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit a particular environment

[名詞]
anthropogenic

refering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence

人為的,人間の影響による

人為的,人間の影響による

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[形容詞]
motility

the ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

[名詞]
protist

a single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments

[名詞]
homologous

reflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species

[形容詞]
bioluminescence

the light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage

生物発光

生物発光

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[名詞]
hydroid

a small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies

[名詞]
transdifferentiation

the process by which a differentiated cell changes its identity and adopts the characteristics of a different cell type

[名詞]
mycelium

the network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate

[名詞]
mutualist

(of an organism) engaging in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction

相互主義の

相互主義の

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[形容詞]
commensal

describing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

[形容詞]
mycorrhiza

a mutually beneficial symbiotic association between the roots of plants and fungi where the fungus colonizes the root system, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil

[名詞]
to assimilate

(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells

[動詞]
spore

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions

[名詞]
biomass

the entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water

バイオマス

バイオマス

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[名詞]
taxonomy

the scientific discipline of classifying and naming organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics

[名詞]
petri dish

a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms

[名詞]
agar

a jelly-like substance extracted from algae, commonly used in biological culture media and as a thickening agent in foods

アガー,ゼラチン状物質

アガー,ゼラチン状物質

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[名詞]
cosmology

the study of the beginning and characteristic of the universe

[名詞]
virulent

extremely venomous and effective

[形容詞]
decomposition

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

[名詞]
prokaryotic

(of organisms or cells) lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, with genetic material free-floating within the cell

[形容詞]
substrate

the underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds

[名詞]
excitatory

capable of triggering an increase in the activity or responsiveness of the cell or organism

[形容詞]
fission yeast

a single-celled organism used extensively in biological research as a model organism

[名詞]
ameba

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

[名詞]
adaptation

the process by which organisms evolve over time to better suit their environment, survive, and reproduce more effectively

[名詞]
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