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Khoa Học Tự Nhiên SAT - Biology

Tại đây, bạn sẽ học một số từ tiếng Anh liên quan đến sinh học, chẳng hạn như "genus", "virion", "telophase", v.v. mà bạn sẽ cần để đạt điểm cao trong kỳ thi SAT của mình.

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Bắt đầu học
SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
organism
[Danh từ]

a living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own

sinh vật, cơ thể sống

sinh vật, cơ thể sống

Ex: A organism, such as an amoeba , can exhibit complex behaviors .
growth medium
[Danh từ]

a substance that provides nutrients and conditions for the growth of cells or microorganisms

môi trường phát triển, môi trường nuôi cấy

môi trường phát triển, môi trường nuôi cấy

Ex: growth medium provided all the nutrients needed for microbial growth .
culture
[Danh từ]

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

nuôi cấy, cấy ghép

nuôi cấy, cấy ghép

Ex: culture is conducted to identify and study fungi responsible for diseases in plants and humans .
metabolic
[Tính từ]

relating to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life

chuyển hóa, chuyển hóa năng lượng

chuyển hóa, chuyển hóa năng lượng

Ex: Metabolic disorders like diabetes can disrupt normal glucose metabolism.
specimen
[Danh từ]

a representative or characteristic sample that is examined or analyzed to gain insights or understanding of a particular group or category

mẫu, ví dụ

mẫu, ví dụ

Ex: specimen showed distinct characteristics that were crucial for the study .
genus
[Danh từ]

(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family

chi, thể loại

chi, thể loại

Ex: Scientists debated whether the newly found fossil should be classified within the existing genus or if it represented a genus entirely .
strain
[Danh từ]

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species

chủng, giống

chủng, giống

Ex: strain identification is crucial for developing vaccines that target specific variations of viruses .
to secrete
[Động từ]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

tiết, bài tiết

tiết, bài tiết

Ex: Sweat glands secrete perspiration, helping to regulate body temperature.
to excrete
[Động từ]

to discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat

bài tiết, thải ra

bài tiết, thải ra

Ex: The liver excretes bile into the digestive system to aid in the breakdown of fats.
eukaryote
[Danh từ]

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

sinh vật nhân chuẩn, eukaryote

sinh vật nhân chuẩn, eukaryote

Ex: Seaweeds, with their diverse forms, are eukaryotic algae found in marine ecosystems.

a type of reproduction where a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism

sinh sản vô tính, sinh sản không tính dục

sinh sản vô tính, sinh sản không tính dục

meiosis
[Danh từ]

a type of cell division that creates reproductive cells with half the usual number of chromosomes

giảm phân, meiosis

giảm phân, meiosis

Ex: The phases meiosis include prophase I , metaphase I , anaphase I , telophase I , prophase II , metaphase II , anaphase II , and telophase II .
interphase
[Danh từ]

the longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions

kỳ giữa, giai đoạn trung gian

kỳ giữa, giai đoạn trung gian

prophase
[Danh từ]

the initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division

kì trung gian, giai đoạn đầu của phân bào

kì trung gian, giai đoạn đầu của phân bào

Ex: The nuclear envelope disintegrates prophase, allowing the spindle fibers to interact with the chromosomes .
metaphase
[Danh từ]

the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align along the center (equator) of the cell, preparing for their separation into daughter cells

kỳ giữa, giai đoạn giữa

kỳ giữa, giai đoạn giữa

Ex: Metaphase marks a critical checkpoint before chromosomes are pulled apart in anaphase during mitosis .
anaphase
[Danh từ]

the stage of cell division where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

kỳ giữa, kỳ phân ly

kỳ giữa, kỳ phân ly

Ex: Anaphase concludes when chromosomes reach opposite poles, marking the transition to telophase in mitosis or anaphase II in meiosis.
telophase
[Danh từ]

the last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number

kỳ cuối của giảm phân, telophase

kỳ cuối của giảm phân, telophase

Ex: The genetic material is distributed evenly among daughter cells telophase, ensuring each cell receives a complete set of chromosomes .
to biodegrade
[Động từ]

to break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi

phân hủy sinh học, phân hủy tự nhiên

phân hủy sinh học, phân hủy tự nhiên

Ex: The fallen tree began biodegrade, returning nutrients to the forest floor .
biomolecule
[Danh từ]

any molecule produced by living organisms including large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as smaller molecules like vitamins, hormones, and metabolites

phân tử sinh học, molecule sinh học

phân tử sinh học, molecule sinh học

biodiversity
[Danh từ]

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

độ đa dạng sinh học, sinh thái đa dạng

độ đa dạng sinh học, sinh thái đa dạng

Ex: biodiversity in coral reefs is threatened by rising ocean temperatures and pollution .
bioinformatics
[Danh từ]

a field of study that combines biology and computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data

Tin sinh học, Bioinformatics

Tin sinh học, Bioinformatics

biocompatible
[Tính từ]

not causing harmful reactions or adverse effects when in contact with biological systems

tương thích sinh học, không gây phản ứng độc hại

tương thích sinh học, không gây phản ứng độc hại

biometrics
[Danh từ]

a branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations

sinh trắc học, sinh học thống kê

sinh trắc học, sinh học thống kê

Ex: Biometric studies in agriculture employ statistical models to assess crop yield variations based on environmental factors.
microbiology
[Danh từ]

the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms

vi sinh vật học, microbiology

vi sinh vật học, microbiology

Ex: A degree microbiology opens doors to careers in healthcare and research .
physiologist
[Danh từ]

a scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels

sinh lý học, nhà sinh lý học

sinh lý học, nhà sinh lý học

Ex: physiologists investigate how different species adapt to their environments through physiological processes .
ecology
[Danh từ]

the scientific study of the environment or the interrelation of living creatures and the way they affect each other

sinh thái học, môi trường sinh thái

sinh thái học, môi trường sinh thái

Ex: The research team ecology to explore how pollution affects aquatic life .
ecotourism
[Danh từ]

tourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature

du lịch sinh thái, du lịch bảo tồn

du lịch sinh thái, du lịch bảo tồn

Ex: The growing popularity ecotourism is helping to fund nature reserves around the world .
biomimicry
[Danh từ]

an approach to innovation and problem-solving that draws inspiration from nature's designs, processes, and systems

bắt chước sinh học, mô phỏng sinh học

bắt chước sinh học, mô phỏng sinh học

mucus
[Danh từ]

a thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them

đờm, chất nhầy

đờm, chất nhầy

Ex: The respiratory therapist taught the patient how to perform chest physiotherapy to help loosen and mucus in the lungs .
virion
[Danh từ]

a complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate

virion, hạt virus

virion, hạt virus

Ex: Understanding the structure and function virions is crucial for developing antiviral treatments and vaccines .
conditioning
[Danh từ]

the process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations

điều kiện hóa, huấn luyện điều kiện

điều kiện hóa, huấn luyện điều kiện

Ex: conditioning refers to the influence of societal norms and expectations on individual behavior and beliefs .
nutrient
[Danh từ]

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

dinh dưỡng, chất dinh dưỡng

dinh dưỡng, chất dinh dưỡng

Ex: Lack of nutrients can lead to health problems .
gamete
[Danh từ]

a special cell used for reproduction, with sperm cells being the male gametes and egg cells being the female gametes

 giao tử ,  tế bào sinh dục

giao tử , tế bào sinh dục

microbiome
[Danh từ]

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit a particular environment

hệ vi sinh vật, hệ sinh thái vi sinh

hệ vi sinh vật, hệ sinh thái vi sinh

anthropogenic
[Tính từ]

refering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence

nhân sinh, do con người gây ra

nhân sinh, do con người gây ra

Ex: Anthropogenic influences on the environment can have long-lasting effects on ecosystems and wildlife .
motility
[Danh từ]

the ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

độ di động, khả năng di động

độ di động, khả năng di động

Ex: Motility is essential for the movement of cells during processes like wound healing and embryonic development .
protist
[Danh từ]

a single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments

sinh vật nguyên sinh, đơn bào

sinh vật nguyên sinh, đơn bào

Ex: Protists play important ecological roles as primary producers and consumers in aquatic food webs .
homologous
[Tính từ]

reflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species

 tương đồng ,  đồng nhất

tương đồng , đồng nhất

Ex: Although they live in different environments , terrestrial and aquatic animals often homologous anatomical features .
bioluminescence
[Danh từ]

the light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage

sự phát quang sinh học, ánh sáng sinh học

sự phát quang sinh học, ánh sáng sinh học

Ex: Certain species of jellyfish , like the Aequorea victoria , bioluminescence, emitting a greenish-blue glow as a defense mechanism against predators .
hydroid
[Danh từ]

a small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies

thuỷ sinh vật dạng thực vật, sinh vật thủy sinh dạng cây

thuỷ sinh vật dạng thực vật, sinh vật thủy sinh dạng cây

Ex: Some species hydroids have stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish .

the process by which a differentiated cell changes its identity and adopts the characteristics of a different cell type

sự chuyển đổi dòng tế bào, quá trình chuyển đổi tế bào

sự chuyển đổi dòng tế bào, quá trình chuyển đổi tế bào

mycelium
[Danh từ]

the network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate

tản nấm, mạng tế bào nấm

tản nấm, mạng tế bào nấm

Ex: The mushroommycelium extended far beyond the visible fruiting body , hidden beneath the surface .
mutualist
[Tính từ]

(of an organism) engaging in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction

cộng sinh, đối tác sinh thái

cộng sinh, đối tác sinh thái

Ex: Gardeners often introduce mutualist bacteria to the soil to promote plant health and growth.
commensal
[Tính từ]

describing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

khoảng cách, cộng sinh

khoảng cách, cộng sinh

Ex: The commensal association between epiphytic plants and their hosts allows the epiphytes to access sunlight high in the canopy.
mycorrhiza
[Danh từ]

a mutually beneficial symbiotic association between the roots of plants and fungi where the fungus colonizes the root system, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil

mycorrhiza, nấm rễ

mycorrhiza, nấm rễ

to assimilate
[Động từ]

(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells

hấp thụ, tiếp thu

hấp thụ, tiếp thu

Ex: The assimilated the organic matter from the decaying leaves .
spore
[Danh từ]

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions

bào tử, hạt phấn

bào tử, hạt phấn

Ex: The spore can survive extreme temperatures , making it a crucial survival mechanism for certain bacteria .
biomass
[Danh từ]

the entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water

khối lượng sinh học, tổng sinh khối

khối lượng sinh học, tổng sinh khối

Ex: Forest management practices aim to maintain and biomass through sustainable harvesting techniques .
taxonomy
[Danh từ]

the scientific discipline of classifying and naming organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics

phân loại học, thuật phân loại

phân loại học, thuật phân loại

Ex: Advances in molecular biology have taxonomy by providing insights into genetic similarities and differences among organisms .
petri dish
[Danh từ]

a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms

đĩa Petri, đĩa nuôi cấy

đĩa Petri, đĩa nuôi cấy

Ex: The students carefully transferred the yeast cells into Petri dish to study their reproductive behavior .
agar
[Danh từ]

a jelly-like substance extracted from algae, commonly used in biological culture media and as a thickening agent in foods

agar, thạch agar

agar, thạch agar

Ex: The scientist agar with nutrients to create a suitable growth medium for the yeast cells .
cosmology
[Danh từ]

the study of the beginning and characteristic of the universe

vũ trụ học, học thuyết vũ trụ

vũ trụ học, học thuyết vũ trụ

virulent
[Tính từ]

extremely venomous and effective

cực độc, có hại liều cao

cực độc, có hại liều cao

decomposition
[Danh từ]

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

sự phân hủy, quá trình phân hủy

sự phân hủy, quá trình phân hủy

Ex: Scientists decomposition rates to understand how different environments affect nutrient cycling .
substrate
[Danh từ]

the underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds

mặt nền, chất nền

mặt nền, chất nền

Ex: Researchers chose a substrate in the Petri dish to culture and observe bacterial growth .
excitatory
[Tính từ]

capable of triggering an increase in the activity or responsiveness of the cell or organism

kích thích, kích hoạt

kích thích, kích hoạt

fission yeast
[Danh từ]

a single-celled organism used extensively in biological research as a model organism

nấm lên men phân bào, nấm fission

nấm lên men phân bào, nấm fission

ameba
[Danh từ]

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

amip, a-mi-eba

amip, a-mi-eba

Ex: Amebas play a role in nutrient cycling by consuming bacteria and organic matter in their habitats.
adaptation
[Danh từ]

the process by which organisms evolve over time to better suit their environment, survive, and reproduce more effectively

thích nghi, sự thích ứng

thích nghi, sự thích ứng

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