to encompass
to include or contain a wide range of different things within a particular scope or area

包含, 涵盖

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to entail
to require or involve certain actions, conditions, or consequences as a necessary part of a situation or decision

涉及, 需要

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to contain
to have or hold something within or include something as a part of a larger entity or space

包含, 包括

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to embody
to include or represent something as an essential part within a larger entity or concept

体现, 代表

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to exclude
to intentionally leave out or prevent someone or something from being part of a specific group, activity, or situation

排除, 不包括

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to ostracize
to exclude someone from a community or group as a form of punishment or social rejection

排斥

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