Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced) - Ecological Principles & Conservation

(of an object) able to be broken down by living organisms such as bacteria, which is then safe for the environment

(of natural substances such as oil) unprocessed and in raw form

related to a type of farming in which animals and birds can move around and eat freely, instead of being kept in a limited area

to make decayed leaves, plants, or other organic waste into a mixture that can improve the soil's quality to help plants grow more quickly

to remove unwanted or harmful substances from another substance

to use something once more, usually for a different purpose

someone who makes efforts to protect the environment and wildlife from any type of harm

a feeling of great worry regarding the current and future state of the environment threatened by humans

an area for birds and animals to live and to be protected from dangerous conditions and being hunted

to completely disappear or cease to exist

the process of being destroyed via natural causes

(of an animal, plant, etc.) not having any living members, either due to natural causes, environmental changes, or human activity

the place or area in which certain animals, birds, or plants naturally exist, lives, and grows

an area of grass, trees, or other vegetation in a town or city, intended for public use or environmental benefit

referring to products, actions, or practices that are designed to cause minimal harm to the environment

the practice of preparing and using land for growing crops, especially on a large scale

to cut and collect a crop

a collection of small branches, twigs, and other woody offcuts typically used for fuel or kindling

the solid waste produced by animals

a large woody plant with several main stems emerging from the ground

the dried stalks of cereal plants after the grain has been removed, used for animal bedding, fodder, thatching, or making woven items such as baskets and hats

a thin, shelf-like projection extending horizontally from a vertical face such as a wall or cliff