Vocabolario Avanzato per il TOEFL - Biologia

Qui imparerai alcune parole inglesi sulla biologia, come "enzima", "microbo", "feto", ecc., che sono necessarie per l'esame TOEFL.

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anatomy

[sostantivo]

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

anatomia

Ex: His research in comparative anatomy helped explain evolutionary relationships among species.La sua ricerca in **anatomia** comparata ha contribuito a spiegare le relazioni evolutive tra le specie.

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chromosome

[sostantivo]

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

cromosoma

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X chromosome

[sostantivo]

a sex chromosome, two of which exist in female cells and only one in male cells

Cromosoma X

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Y chromosome

[sostantivo]

a sex chromosome, which is normally present only in male cells

Cromosoma Y

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enzyme

[sostantivo]

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

enzima

Ex: The detergent contains enzymes that break down protein stains , such as blood and grass , on clothing .Il detersivo contiene **enzimi** che scompongono le macchie di proteine, come sangue ed erba, sui vestiti.

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antigen

[sostantivo]

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

antigene

Ex: A positive test result indicates that the antigen is present in the sample .

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microbe

[sostantivo]

a very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease

microbo

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to incubate

[Verbo]

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

incubare

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fetus

[sostantivo]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

feto

Ex: Genetic testing was conducted to check for any abnormalities in the fetus.Sono stati condotti test genetici per verificare la presenza di anomalie nel **feto**.

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embryo

[sostantivo]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

embrione

Ex: Ethical debates often arise around the use of human embryos in stem cell research and medical treatments .I dibattiti etici spesso sorgono intorno all'uso di **embrioni** umani nella ricerca sulle cellule staminali e nei trattamenti medici.

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to ovulate

[Verbo]

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

ovulare

Ex: The female dog ovulates twice a year during her heat cycle .La cagna **ovula** due volte l'anno durante il suo ciclo di calore.

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to mutate

[Verbo]

to experience genetic changes

mutare

Ex: The influenza virus tends to mutate regularly , making it a challenge to predict and prevent .Il virus dell'influenza tende a **mutare** regolarmente, rendendolo una sfida da prevedere e prevenire.

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mutant

[sostantivo]

a living organism that is different from its kind because of a genetic change

mutante

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lymph

[sostantivo]

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

linfonodo

Ex: The colorless lymph helps to transport immune cells to areas needing defense .La **linfa** incolore aiuta a trasportare le cellule immunitarie nelle aree che necessitano di difesa.

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stem cell

[sostantivo]

(biology) a basic type of cell in a multicellular organism, which develops into different kinds of cells with different functions

cellule staminali

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membrane

[sostantivo]

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

membrana

Ex: The blood-brain barrier is a specialized membrane that protects the brain .La barriera emato-encefalica è una **membrana** specializzata che protegge il cervello.

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lipid

[sostantivo]

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

lipidico

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amino acid

[sostantivo]

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

aminoacido

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neuron

[sostantivo]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neurone

Ex: Learning and memory depend on the ability of neurons to form new connections .L'apprendimento e la memoria dipendono dalla capacità dei **neuroni** di formare nuove connessioni.

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neurotransmitter

[sostantivo]

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotrasmettitore

Ex: Neurotransmitters transmit signals from one neuron to another across synapses .I **neurotrasmettitori** trasmettono segnali da un neurone all'altro attraverso le sinapsi.

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mitochondrion

[sostantivo]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitocondrio

Ex: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA, which is essential for their function and replication.I **mitocondri** contengono il loro DNA, separato dal DNA nucleare, essenziale per la loro funzione e replicazione.

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anaerobic

[aggettivo]

not needing free oxygen to function

anaerobico

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cortisol

[sostantivo]

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

cortisolo

Ex: The medication contains cortisol to reduce inflammation and swelling .Il farmaco contiene **cortisolo** per ridurre l'infiammazione e il gonfiore.

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testosterone

[sostantivo]

a hormone related to gender that is produced by male body to develop typical male features

testosterone

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insulin

[sostantivo]

a hormone that is responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, the lack of which can cause diabetes

insulina

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to secrete

[Verbo]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

secernere

Ex: Sweat glands secrete perspiration, helping to regulate body temperature.Le ghiandole sudoripare **secernono** il sudore, aiutando a regolare la temperatura corporea.

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RNA

[sostantivo]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

RNA

Ex: Scientists edited the RNA to correct a cellular malfunction .Gli scienziati hanno modificato l'**RNA** per correggere un malfunzionamento cellulare.

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receptor

[sostantivo]

a sense organ or nerve ending that can respond to external stimuli and is able to transmit data to the central nervous system

recettore

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genome

[sostantivo]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

genoma

Ex: Advances in genome editing technologies , like CRISPR , allow scientists to precisely modify the genetic material of organisms for research and therapeutic purposes .I progressi nelle tecnologie di editing del **genoma**, come CRISPR, consentono agli scienziati di modificare con precisione il materiale genetico degli organismi per scopi di ricerca e terapeutici.

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dominant

[aggettivo]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominante

Ex: The dominant gene responsible for dimples appears in many family members.Il gene **dominante** responsabile delle fossette appare in molti membri della famiglia.

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genetic code

[sostantivo]

the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells

codice genetico

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stimulus

[sostantivo]

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

stimolo

Ex: Teachers often use interactive and engaging stimuli, like educational games or hands-on activities , to stimulate interest and enhance the learning experience in the classroom .Gli insegnanti spesso utilizzano **stimoli** interattivi e coinvolgenti, come giochi educativi o attività pratiche, per stimolare l'interesse e migliorare l'esperienza di apprendimento in classe.

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estrogen

[sostantivo]

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

estrogeno

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hybrid

[sostantivo]

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

ibrido

Ex: The vineyard owner introduced a new grape hybrid to his collection, which produced a unique flavor profile ideal for winemaking.Il proprietario della vigna ha introdotto un nuovo **ibrido** di uva nella sua collezione, che ha prodotto un profilo aromatico unico ideale per la vinificazione.

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clone

[sostantivo]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

clone

Ex: By using a clone of the immune cells , the researchers aimed to develop a more effective treatment for the disease .Utilizzando un **clone** delle cellule immunitarie, i ricercatori miravano a sviluppare un trattamento più efficace per la malattia.

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Vocabolario Avanzato per il TOEFL - Biologia