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Vocabolario Avanzato per il TOEFL - Biologia

Qui imparerai alcune parole inglesi sulla biologia, come "enzima", "microbo", "feto", ecc., che sono necessarie per l'esame TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
anatomy
anatomy
[sostantivo]

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

anatomia

anatomia

Ex: She excelled in her anatomy class, fascinated by the intricate details of the human body. 

Eccelleva nella sua classe di anatomia, affascinata dagli intricati dettagli del corpo umano.

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chromosome
chromosome
[sostantivo]

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

cromosoma

cromosoma

Ex: The scientist stained the chromosome to study its banding pattern. 
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X chromosome
X chromosome
[sostantivo]

a sex chromosome, two of which exist in female cells and only one in male cells

Cromosoma X

Cromosoma X

Ex: The lab analyzed the X chromosome for mutations causing the disorder. 
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Y chromosome
Y chromosome
[sostantivo]

a sex chromosome, which is normally present only in male cells

Cromosoma Y

Cromosoma Y

Ex: Certain genetic disorders are linked to deletions on the Y chromosome. 
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enzyme
enzyme
[sostantivo]

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

enzima

enzima

Ex: The detergent contains enzymes that break down protein stains, such as blood and grass, on clothing. 
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antigen
antigen
[sostantivo]

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

antigene

antigene

Ex: A positive test result indicates that the antigen is present in the sample. 

Un risultato positivo del test indica che l'antigene è presente nel campione.

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microbe
microbe
[sostantivo]

a very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease

microbo

microbo

Ex: The immune system usually destroys a foreign microbe before it causes symptoms. 
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to incubate

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

incubare

incubare

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fetus
fetus
[sostantivo]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

feto

feto

Ex: Genetic testing was conducted to check for any abnormalities in the fetus. 

Sono stati condotti test genetici per verificare la presenza di anomalie nel feto.

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embryo
embryo
[sostantivo]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

embrione

embrione

Ex: Ethical debates often arise around the use of human embryos in stem cell research and medical treatments. 

I dibattiti etici spesso sorgono intorno all'uso di embrioni umani nella ricerca sulle cellule staminali e nei trattamenti medici.

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to ovulate
to ovulate
[Verbo]

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

ovulare

ovulare

Ex: The female dog ovulates twice a year during her heat cycle. 

La cagna ovula due volte l'anno durante il suo ciclo di calore.

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to mutate
to mutate
[Verbo]

to experience genetic changes

mutare

mutare

Ex: The influenza virus tends to mutate regularly, making it a challenge to predict and prevent. 

Il virus dell'influenza tende a mutare regolarmente, rendendolo una sfida da prevedere e prevenire.

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mutant
mutant
[sostantivo]

a living organism that is different from its kind because of a genetic change

mutante

mutante

Ex: The lab created a bacterial mutant that glows under ultraviolet light. 
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lymph
lymph
[sostantivo]

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

linfonodo

linfonodo

Ex: The colorless lymph helps to transport immune cells to areas needing defense. 

La linfa incolore aiuta a trasportare le cellule immunitarie nelle aree che necessitano di difesa.

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stem cell
stem cell
[sostantivo]

(biology) a basic type of cell in a multicellular organism, which develops into different kinds of cells with different functions

cellule staminali

cellule staminali

Ex: Each stem cell in the embryo carries the instructions to form every tissue in the adult body. 
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membrane
membrane
[sostantivo]

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

membrana

membrana

Ex: The blood-brain barrier is a specialized membrane that protects the brain. 

La barriera emato-encefalica è una membrana specializzata che protegge il cervello.

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lipid
lipid
[sostantivo]

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

lipidico

lipidico

Ex: She studied how different lipids affect heart health in her nutrition class. 
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amino acid
amino acid
[sostantivo]

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

aminoacido

aminoacido

Ex: A missing amino acid can stop protein synthesis entirely until it becomes available again. 
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neuron
neuron
[sostantivo]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neurone

neurone

Ex: Learning and memory depend on the ability of neurons to form new connections. 

L'apprendimento e la memoria dipendono dalla capacità dei neuroni di formare nuove connessioni.

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neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter
[sostantivo]

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotrasmettitore

neurotrasmettitore

Ex: Neurotransmitters transmit signals from one neuron to another across synapses. 

I neurotrasmettitori trasmettono segnali da un neurone all'altro attraverso le sinapsi.

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mitochondrion
mitochondrion
[sostantivo]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitocondrio

mitocondrio

Ex: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA, which is essential for their function and replication. 

I mitocondri contengono il loro DNA, separato dal DNA nucleare, essenziale per la loro funzione e replicazione.

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anaerobic
anaerobic
[aggettivo]

not needing free oxygen to function

anaerobico

anaerobico

Ex: The lab cultured the sample in an anaerobic chamber to simulate a gut environment. 
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cortisol
cortisol
[sostantivo]

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

cortisolo

cortisolo

Ex: The medication contains cortisol to reduce inflammation and swelling. 

Il farmaco contiene cortisolo per ridurre l'infiammazione e il gonfiore.

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testosterone
testosterone
[sostantivo]

a hormone related to gender that is produced by male body to develop typical male features

testosterone

testosterone

Ex: Low testosterone can affect mood and reduce sex drive. 
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insulin
insulin
[sostantivo]

a hormone that is responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, the lack of which can cause diabetes

insulina

insulina

Ex: Eating too many carbs at once can cause a sharp rise in insulin release. 
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to secrete
to secrete
[Verbo]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

secernere

secernere

Ex: Sweat glands secrete perspiration, helping to regulate body temperature. 

Le ghiandole sudoripare secernono il sudore, aiutando a regolare la temperatura corporea.

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RNA
RNA
[sostantivo]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

RNA

RNA

Ex: Scientists edited the RNA to correct a cellular malfunction. 

Gli scienziati hanno modificato l'RNA per correggere un malfunzionamento cellulare.

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receptor
receptor
[sostantivo]

a sense organ or nerve ending that can respond to external stimuli and is able to transmit data to the central nervous system

recettore

recettore

Ex: The skin's pressure receptors allowed him to feel the faint vibration of the phone. 
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genome
genome
[sostantivo]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

genoma

genoma

Ex: Advances in genome editing technologies, like CRISPR, allow scientists to precisely modify the genetic material of organisms for research and therapeutic purposes. 

I progressi nelle tecnologie di editing del genoma, come CRISPR, consentono agli scienziati di modificare con precisione il materiale genetico degli organismi per scopi di ricerca e terapeutici.

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dominant
dominant
[aggettivo]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominante

dominante

Ex: The dominant gene responsible for dimples appears in many family members. 

Il gene dominante responsabile delle fossette appare in molti membri della famiglia.

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genetic code
genetic code
[sostantivo]

the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells

codice genetico

codice genetico

Ex: The genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons. 
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stimulus
stimulus
[sostantivo]

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

stimolo

stimolo

Ex: In a lab experiment, the researchers applied a visual stimulus to study participants to observe and measure their neurological responses. 

In un esperimento di laboratorio, i ricercatori hanno applicato uno stimolo visivo ai partecipanti allo studio per osservare e misurare le loro risposte neurologiche.

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estrogen
estrogen
[sostantivo]

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

estrogeno

estrogeno

Ex: Low estrogen after menopause can increase the risk of osteoporosis. 
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hybrid
hybrid
[sostantivo]

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

ibrido

ibrido

Ex: The vineyard owner introduced a new grape hybrid to his collection, which produced a unique flavor profile ideal for winemaking. 

Il proprietario della vigna ha introdotto un nuovo ibrido di uva nella sua collezione, che ha prodotto un profilo aromatico unico ideale per la vinificazione.

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clone
clone
[sostantivo]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

clone

clone

Ex: By using a clone of the immune cells, the researchers aimed to develop a more effective treatment for the disease. 

Utilizzando un clone delle cellule immunitarie, i ricercatori miravano a sviluppare un trattamento più efficace per la malattia.

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