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Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Biologie

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la biologie, tels que "enzyme", "microbe", "fœtus", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
anatomy
anatomy
[nom]

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

anatomie

anatomie

Ex: Anatomy is a fundamental subject for students pursuing careers in medicine and biology. 

Anatomie est une matière fondamentale pour les étudiants poursuivant des carrières en médecine et en biologie.

chromosome

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

chromosome

chromosome

X chromosome

a sex chromosome, two of which exist in female cells and only one in male cells

chromosome x

chromosome x

Y chromosome

a sex chromosome, which is normally present only in male cells

chromosome y

chromosome y

enzyme
enzyme
[nom]

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

enzyme

enzyme

Ex: The biologist studied the enzyme activity in the soil, investigating its role in nutrient cycling. 
antigen
antigen
[nom]

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

antigène

antigène

Ex: The blood test detects the presence of an antigen to diagnose infections. 

Le test sanguin détecte la présence d'un antigène pour diagnostiquer les infections.

microbe
microbe
[nom]

a very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease

microbe

microbe

to incubate

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

couver

couver

fetus
fetus
[nom]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

fœtus

fœtus

Ex: At twelve weeks, the fetus's heartbeat could be detected. 

À douze semaines, le battement de cœur du fœtus pouvait être détecté.

embryo
embryo
[nom]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

embryon

embryon

Ex: The ultrasound showed the tiny heartbeat of the embryo, indicating a healthy early stage of pregnancy. 

L'échographie a montré le petit battement de cœur de l'embryon, indiquant un stade précoce de grossesse en bonne santé.

to ovulate
to ovulate
[verbe]

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

ovuler

ovuler

Ex: Some medications can affect how frequently you ovulate. 

Certains médicaments peuvent affecter la fréquence à laquelle vous ovulez.

to mutate
to mutate
[verbe]

to experience genetic changes

subir une mutation

subir une mutation

Ex: In response to environmental factors, organisms living in a particular habitat may naturally mutate. 

En réponse aux facteurs environnementaux, les organismes vivant dans un habitat particulier peuvent naturellement muter.

mutant
mutant
[nom]

a living organism that is different from its kind because of a genetic change

mutant

mutant

lymph
lymph
[nom]

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

lymphe

lymphe

Ex: Lymph circulates through the lymphatic system to fight infections. 

La lymphe circule à travers le système lymphatique pour combattre les infections.

stem cell

(biology) a basic type of cell in a multicellular organism, which develops into different kinds of cells with different functions

cellule souche

cellule souche

membrane

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

membrane

membrane

Ex: The thin membrane lining the lungs is essential for breathing. 

La fine membrane tapissant les poumons est essentielle pour la respiration.

lipid
lipid
[nom]

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

lipide

lipide

amino acid

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

acide aminé

acide aminé

neuron
neuron
[nom]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neurone

neurone

Ex: Damage to sensory neurons can cause numbness in the limbs. 

Les dommages aux neurones sensoriels peuvent provoquer un engourdissement des membres.

neurotransmitter

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotransmetteur

neurotransmetteur

Ex: Problems with neurotransmitter levels can lead to neurological disorders. 

Les problèmes avec les niveaux de neurotransmetteur peuvent conduire à des troubles neurologiques.

mitochondrion

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitochondrie

mitochondrie

Ex: The structure of the mitochondrion consists of an outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, and matrix. 

La structure du mitochondrie est constituée d'une membrane externe, d'une membrane interne, d'un espace intermembranaire et d'une matrice.

anaerobic
anaerobic
[Adjectif]

not needing free oxygen to function

anaérobie

anaérobie

cortisol

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

cortisol

cortisol

Ex: Doctors sometimes prescribe cortisol to treat severe skin conditions. 

Les médecins prescrivent parfois du cortisol pour traiter les affections cutanées graves.

testosterone

a hormone related to gender that is produced by male body to develop typical male features

testostérone

testostérone

insulin
insulin
[nom]

a hormone that is responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, the lack of which can cause diabetes

insuline

insuline

to secrete
to secrete
[verbe]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

sécréter

sécréter

Ex: The pancreas secretes insulin, regulating blood sugar levels in the body. 

Le pancréas sécrète l'insuline, régulant ainsi les niveaux de sucre dans le sang dans le corps.

RNA
RNA
[nom]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

ARN

ARN

Ex: Messenger RNA delivers codes for building specific proteins. 

L'ARN messager délivre des codes pour construire des protéines spécifiques.

receptor

a sense organ or nerve ending that can respond to external stimuli and is able to transmit data to the central nervous system

récepteur

récepteur

Ex: Light hits the receptors in the retina and triggers a cascade of neural signals. 
genome
genome
[nom]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

génome

génome

Ex: Sequencing the genome of different organisms helps scientists understand their evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity. 

Le séquençage du génome de différents organismes aide les scientifiques à comprendre leurs relations évolutives et leur diversité génétique.

dominant
dominant
[Adjectif]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominant

dominant

Ex: A dominant gene for height can result in tall offspring even if one parent is short. 

Un gène dominant pour la taille peut donner naissance à une progéniture grande même si l'un des parents est petit.

genetic code

the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells

code génétique

code génétique

stimulus

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

stimulant

stimulant

Ex: Positive reinforcement can be a powerful stimulus for shaping desired behaviors in both children and animals. 

Le renforcement positif peut être un stimulus puissant pour façonner les comportements souhaités chez les enfants et les animaux.

estrogen

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

œstrogène

œstrogène

hybrid
hybrid
[nom]

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

hybride

hybride

Ex: The botanist was excited to see the results of his experiment, a hybrid that featured the vibrant colors of one flower and the resilience of another. 

Le botaniste était ravi de voir les résultats de son expérience, un hybride qui présentait les couleurs vibrantes d'une fleur et la résilience d'une autre.

clone
clone
[nom]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

clone

clone

Ex: Each clone of the plant cells was carefully monitored to ensure they grew into healthy, identical specimens. 

Chaque clone des cellules végétales a été soigneusement surveillé pour s'assurer qu'il se développe en spécimens sains et identiques.

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