واژگان سطح پیشرفته برای TOEFL - Biology

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

a sex chromosome, two of which exist in female cells and only one in male cells

a sex chromosome, which is normally present only in male cells

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

a very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

to experience genetic changes

a living organism that is different from its kind because of a genetic change

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

(biology) a basic type of cell in a multicellular organism, which develops into different kinds of cells with different functions

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

not needing free oxygen to function

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

a hormone related to gender that is produced by male body to develop typical male features

a hormone that is responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, the lack of which can cause diabetes

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

a sense organ or nerve ending that can respond to external stimuli and is able to transmit data to the central nervous system

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to