واژگان سطح پیشرفته برای TOEFL - زیست‌شناسی

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

(genetics) a thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes inside the cell nucleus

(genetics) the sex chromosome found twice in females and once in males

(genetics) the sex chromosome found only in males, passed from father to son

a biological molecule, usually a protein, that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

a microscopic organism, especially one that can cause disease

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

to experience genetic changes

(biology) an organism that has traits changed by a mutation in its DNA

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

(biology) a basic cell that can divide and turn into many different specialized cell types

a thin layer of living tissue that covers, lines, connects, or separates parts of an organism

(biochemistry) an oily or fatty molecule that does not dissolve in water and is a key building block of cell membranes

(biochemistry) a small molecule that cells link together to build proteins

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

able to survive and function in environments that lack oxygen

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

(biochemistry) the main male sex hormone that controls male traits and reproduction

(biochemistry) a hormone from the pancreas that helps cells take in sugar from the blood

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

(biology) a nerve ending or cell that detects changes in the environment and sends signals to the nervous system

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

(genetics) the set of rules by which the order of DNA building blocks is translated into proteins

something that causes or prompts a physical, psychological, or behavioral response

(biochemistry) the main female sex hormone that controls reproduction and female traits

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to