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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Biyolohiya

Dito ay matututunan mo ang ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa biyolohiya, tulad ng "enzyme", "microbe", "fetus", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na TOEFL.

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Simulan ang pag-aaral
Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
anatomy
anatomy
[Pangngalan]

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

anatomiya

anatomiya

Ex: The textbook on anatomy included detailed diagrams of the muscular and skeletal systems. 

Ang aklat-aralin sa anatomiya ay may detalyadong mga diagram ng muscular at skeletal systems.

chromosome
chromosome
[Pangngalan]

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

kromosoma, elementong kromosomal

kromosoma, elementong kromosomal

X chromosome
X chromosome
[Pangngalan]

a sex chromosome, two of which exist in female cells and only one in male cells

kromosoma X, kromosoma ng kasarian X

kromosoma X, kromosoma ng kasarian X

Y chromosome
Y chromosome
[Pangngalan]

a sex chromosome, which is normally present only in male cells

Y chromosome, kromosomang Y

Y chromosome, kromosomang Y

enzyme
enzyme
[Pangngalan]

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

enzyme

enzyme

Ex: Enzymes play a crucial role in digestion, breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. 
antigen
antigen
[Pangngalan]

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

antigen, sustansyang antigenik

antigen, sustansyang antigenik

Ex: The vaccine introduces a harmless antigen to stimulate immunity. 

Ang bakuna ay nagpapakilala ng isang hindi nakakapinsalang antigen upang pasiglahin ang kaligtasan sa sakit.

microbe
microbe
[Pangngalan]

a very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease

mikrobyo, mikroorganismo

mikrobyo, mikroorganismo

to incubate
to incubate
[Pandiwa]

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

painitin, alagaan

painitin, alagaan

fetus
fetus
[Pangngalan]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

pangsanggol, embryo

pangsanggol, embryo

Ex: The ultrasound showed that the fetus was developing normally. 

Ipinakita ng ultrasound na ang fetus ay normal na lumalaki.

embryo
embryo
[Pangngalan]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

embryo, sanggol

embryo, sanggol

Ex: During the first trimester, the human embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation to form essential organs. 

Sa unang trimester, ang embryo ng tao ay sumasailalim sa mabilis na paghahati ng selula at pag-iiba upang mabuo ang mahahalagang organo.

to ovulate
to ovulate
[Pandiwa]

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

mag-ovulate

mag-ovulate

Ex: To understand her cycle, she tracked when she ovulates. 

Upang maunawaan ang kanyang siklo, sinubaybayan niya kung kailan siya nag-oovulate.

to mutate
to mutate
[Pandiwa]

to experience genetic changes

magbago ang lahi, dumanas ng mga pagbabago sa genetiko

magbago ang lahi, dumanas ng mga pagbabago sa genetiko

Ex: Over time, certain organisms may mutate to adapt to environmental pressures. 

Sa paglipas ng panahon, ang ilang mga organismo ay maaaring magbago upang umangkop sa mga pressure ng kapaligiran.

mutant
mutant
[Pangngalan]

a living organism that is different from its kind because of a genetic change

mutant, nababago ang lahi dahil sa pagbabago ng gene

mutant, nababago ang lahi dahil sa pagbabago ng gene

lymph
lymph
[Pangngalan]

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

lymph, likidong lymph

lymph, likidong lymph

Ex: Swelling can occur when lymph is not properly drained. 

Ang pamamaga ay maaaring mangyari kapag ang lymph ay hindi maayos na naalis.

stem cell
stem cell
[Pangngalan]

(biology) a basic type of cell in a multicellular organism, which develops into different kinds of cells with different functions

stem cell, hindi pa nagkakaibang selula

stem cell, hindi pa nagkakaibang selula

membrane
membrane
[Pangngalan]

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

lamad, balat

lamad, balat

Ex: The cell membrane protects the interior of the cell. 

Ang membrane ng selula ay nagpoprotekta sa loob ng selula.

lipid
lipid
[Pangngalan]

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

lipid, taba

lipid, taba

amino acid
amino acid
[Pangngalan]

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

amino asido, asidong amino

amino asido, asidong amino

neuron
neuron
[Pangngalan]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neuron, selula ng nerbiyos

neuron, selula ng nerbiyos

Ex: Neurons transmit signals at speeds of up to 120 meters per second. 

Ang mga neuron ay nagpapadala ng mga signal sa bilis na hanggang 120 metro bawat segundo.

neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter
[Pangngalan]

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotransmitter

neurotransmitter

Ex: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation. 

Ang neurotransmitter na dopamine ay kasangkot sa regulasyon ng mood.

mitochondrion
mitochondrion
[Pangngalan]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitokondriya, organelong mitokondriyal

mitokondriya, organelong mitokondriyal

Ex: The mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. 

Ang mitochondrion ay isang membrane-bound na organelle na matatagpuan sa karamihan ng mga eukaryotic cells.

anaerobic
anaerobic
[pang-uri]

not needing free oxygen to function

anaerobic, hindi nangangailangan ng libreng oksiheno

anaerobic, hindi nangangailangan ng libreng oksiheno

cortisol
cortisol
[Pangngalan]

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

cortisol, isang steroid hormone na ginagawa ng katawan at ginagamit sa medisina para tulungan na gamutin ang mga sakit sa balat

cortisol, isang steroid hormone na ginagawa ng katawan at ginagamit sa medisina para tulungan na gamutin ang mga sakit sa balat

Ex: High levels of cortisol can increase stress and anxiety. 

Ang mataas na antas ng cortisol ay maaaring magpalala ng stress at anxiety.

testosterone
testosterone
[Pangngalan]

a hormone related to gender that is produced by male body to develop typical male features

testosterone

testosterone

insulin
insulin
[Pangngalan]

a hormone that is responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, the lack of which can cause diabetes

insulin

insulin

to secrete
to secrete
[Pandiwa]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

maglabas, gumawa

maglabas, gumawa

Ex: Salivary glands secrete enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. 

Ang mga glandulang panglaway ay naglalabas ng mga enzyme na tumutulong sa pagtunaw ng pagkain.

RNA
RNA
[Pangngalan]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

RNA, ribonucleic acid

RNA, ribonucleic acid

Ex: RNA transcribes genetic information from DNA to guide protein production. 

Ang RNA ay nagsasalin ng genetic na impormasyon mula sa DNA upang gabayan ang produksyon ng protina.

receptor
receptor
[Pangngalan]

a sense organ or nerve ending that can respond to external stimuli and is able to transmit data to the central nervous system

reseptor, organong pandama

reseptor, organong pandama

Ex: The pain receptors in her fingertips fired immediately when she touched the hot pan. 
genome
genome
[Pangngalan]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

henoma

henoma

Ex: The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA, encoding all the information needed for human development and function. 

Ang genome ng tao ay binubuo ng humigit-kumulang 3 bilyong base pairs ng DNA, na nag-e-encode ng lahat ng impormasyong kailangan para sa pag-unlad at paggana ng tao.

dominant
dominant
[pang-uri]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

nangingibabaw, dominante

nangingibabaw, dominante

Ex: The gene for brown eyes is dominant over the gene for blue eyes. 

Ang gene para sa brown eyes ay nangingibabaw sa gene para sa blue eyes.

genetic code
genetic code
[Pangngalan]

the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells

genetic code, genetic encoding

genetic code, genetic encoding

stimulus
stimulus
[Pangngalan]

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

pampasigla, stimulus

pampasigla, stimulus

Ex: In therapy, therapists may use various stimuli, such as images or prompts, to evoke emotional responses and facilitate discussion. 

Sa therapy, maaaring gumamit ang mga therapist ng iba't ibang stimulus, tulad ng mga larawan o prompts, upang pukawin ang emosyonal na mga tugon at mapadali ang talakayan.

estrogen
estrogen
[Pangngalan]

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

estrogen, hormon ng babae

estrogen, hormon ng babae

hybrid
hybrid
[Pangngalan]

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

halo, hybrid

halo, hybrid

Ex: The farmer proudly displayed his new hybrid, a cross between a Brahman and an Angus, which combined the best traits of both cattle breeds. 

Ipinagmalaki ng magsasaka ang kanyang bagong hybrid, isang krus sa pagitan ng isang Brahman at isang Angus, na pinagsama ang pinakamahusay na katangian ng parehong lahi ng baka.

clone
clone
[Pangngalan]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

klon, pagkaklon

klon, pagkaklon

Ex: The scientists observed the behavior of the bacterial clone to understand how it would respond to different antibiotics. 

Sinuri ng mga siyentipiko ang pag-uugali ng clone ng bakterya upang maunawaan kung paano ito tutugon sa iba't ibang antibiotics.

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