Розширений Словниковий Запас для TOEFL - Biology

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

анатомія

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

хромосома

a sex chromosome, two of which exist in female cells and only one in male cells

X хромосома

a sex chromosome, which is normally present only in male cells

Y хромосома

a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself

фермент, каталізатор

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

антиген

a very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease

мікроб, мікроорганізм

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

інкубувати, виводити

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

плід, ембріон

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

ембріон

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

овулювати

to experience genetic changes

мутація, змінюватись

a living organism that is different from its kind because of a genetic change

мутант, мутація

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

лімфа

(biology) a basic type of cell in a multicellular organism, which develops into different kinds of cells with different functions

стовбурова клітина, клітина-попередник

a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism

мембрана

any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

ліпід, жирова речовина

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

амінокислота

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

нейрон

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

нейромедіатор

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

мітохондрія, мітохондрион

not needing free oxygen to function

анаеробний, безкисневий

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

кортизол

a hormone related to gender that is produced by male body to develop typical male features

тестостерон

a hormone that is responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, the lack of which can cause diabetes

інсулін

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

секретувати, вивільняти

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

РНК

a sense organ or nerve ending that can respond to external stimuli and is able to transmit data to the central nervous system

рецептор

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

геном

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

доминантний, господствуючи

the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells

генетичний код, код ДНК

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

стимул, поштовх

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

естроген

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

гібрид

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

клон