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Vocabulário Avançado para o TOEFL - Biologia

Aqui você aprenderá algumas palavras em inglês sobre biologia, como "enzima", "micróbio", "feto", etc., que são necessárias para o exame TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
anatomy
anatomy
[substantivo]

the branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants

anatomia

anatomia

Ex: The textbook on anatomy included detailed diagrams of the muscular and skeletal systems. 

O livro didático sobre anatomia incluía diagramas detalhados dos sistemas muscular e esquelético.

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chromosome
chromosome
[substantivo]

(genetics) a thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes inside the cell nucleus

cromossomo

cromossomo

Ex: The scientist stained the chromosome to study its banding pattern. 
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X chromosome
X chromosome
[substantivo]

(genetics) the sex chromosome found twice in females and once in males

cromossomo X

cromossomo X

Ex: The lab analyzed the X chromosome for mutations causing the disorder. 
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Y chromosome
Y chromosome
[substantivo]

(genetics) the sex chromosome found only in males, passed from father to son

cromossomo Y, cromossomo sexual Y

cromossomo Y, cromossomo sexual Y

Ex: Certain genetic disorders are linked to deletions on the Y chromosome. 
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enzyme
enzyme
[substantivo]

a biological molecule, usually a protein, that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

enzima, fermento

enzima, fermento

Ex: Each enzyme typically acts on a particular substance or type of reaction. 
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antigen
antigen
[substantivo]

any foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system

antígeno, substância antigênica

antígeno, substância antigênica

Ex: A positive test result indicates that the antigen is present in the sample. 

Um resultado de teste positivo indica que o antígeno está presente na amostra.

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microbe
microbe
[substantivo]

a microscopic organism, especially one that can cause disease

micróbio

micróbio

Ex: The immune system usually destroys a foreign microbe before it causes symptoms. 
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to incubate

to retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop

incubar, chocar

incubar, chocar

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fetus
fetus
[substantivo]

an offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception

feto, embrião

feto, embrião

Ex: Genetic testing was conducted to check for any abnormalities in the fetus. 

Testes genéticos foram realizados para verificar quaisquer anomalias no feto.

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embryo
embryo
[substantivo]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

embrião, feto

embrião, feto

Ex: Ethical debates often arise around the use of human embryos in stem cell research and medical treatments. 

Debates éticos frequentemente surgem em torno do uso de embriões humanos em pesquisas com células-tronco e tratamentos médicos.

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to ovulate
to ovulate
[verbo]

(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary

ovular

ovular

Ex: The female dog ovulates twice a year during her heat cycle. 

A cadela ovula duas vezes por ano durante o seu ciclo de cio.

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to mutate
to mutate
[verbo]

to experience genetic changes

mudar, sofrer alterações genéticas

mudar, sofrer alterações genéticas

Ex: The influenza virus tends to mutate regularly, making it a challenge to predict and prevent. 

O vírus da gripe tende a mutar regularmente, tornando-o um desafio para prever e prevenir.

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mutant
mutant
[substantivo]

(biology) an organism that has traits changed by a mutation in its DNA

mutante, mutado

mutante, mutado

Ex: The lab created a bacterial mutant that glows under ultraviolet light. 
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lymph
lymph
[substantivo]

a colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading

linfa, líquido linfático

linfa, líquido linfático

Ex: The colorless lymph helps to transport immune cells to areas needing defense. 

A linfa incolor ajuda a transportar células imunológicas para áreas que necessitam de defesa.

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stem cell
stem cell
[substantivo]

(biology) a basic cell that can divide and turn into many different specialized cell types

célula-tronco

célula-tronco

Ex: Each stem cell in the embryo carries the instructions to form every tissue in the adult body. 
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membrane
membrane
[substantivo]

a thin layer of living tissue that covers, lines, connects, or separates parts of an organism

membrana,  membrana celular

membrana, membrana celular

Ex: The protective membrane helps keep the underlying tissue moist. 
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lipid
lipid
[substantivo]

(biochemistry) an oily or fatty molecule that does not dissolve in water and is a key building block of cell membranes

lipídio,  lípido

lipídio, lípido

Ex: She studied how different lipids affect heart health in her nutrition class. 
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amino acid
amino acid
[substantivo]

(biochemistry) a small molecule that cells link together to build proteins

aminoácido

aminoácido

Ex: A missing amino acid can stop protein synthesis entirely until it becomes available again. 
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neuron
neuron
[substantivo]

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

neurónio, célula nervosa

neurónio, célula nervosa

Ex: Learning and memory depend on the ability of neurons to form new connections. 

A aprendizagem e a memória dependem da capacidade dos neurônios de formar novas conexões.

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neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter
[substantivo]

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

neurotransmissor

neurotransmissor

Ex: Neurotransmitters transmit signals from one neuron to another across synapses. 

Os neurotransmissores transmitem sinais de um neurônio para outro através das sinapses.

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mitochondrion
mitochondrion
[substantivo]

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

mitocôndria, organelo produtor de energia

mitocôndria, organelo produtor de energia

Ex: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA, which is essential for their function and replication. 

As mitocôndrias contêm seu próprio DNA, separado do DNA nuclear, o que é essencial para sua função e replicação.

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anaerobic
anaerobic
[adjetivo]

able to survive and function in environments that lack oxygen

anaeróbio, anaeróbico

anaeróbio, anaeróbico

Ex: The lab cultured the sample in an anaerobic chamber to simulate a gut environment. 
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cortisol
cortisol
[substantivo]

a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases

cortisol, hormônio esteroide que o corpo produz e é usado na medicina para ajudar a curar doenças de pele

cortisol, hormônio esteroide que o corpo produz e é usado na medicina para ajudar a curar doenças de pele

Ex: The medication contains cortisol to reduce inflammation and swelling. 

O medicamento contém cortisol para reduzir a inflamação e o inchaço.

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testosterone
testosterone
[substantivo]

(biochemistry) the main male sex hormone that controls male traits and reproduction

testosterona

testosterona

Ex: Low testosterone can affect mood and reduce sex drive. 
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insulin
insulin
[substantivo]

(biochemistry) a hormone from the pancreas that helps cells take in sugar from the blood

insulina

insulina

Ex: Eating too many carbs at once can cause a sharp rise in insulin release. 
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to secrete
to secrete
[verbo]

(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body

secretar, produzir

secretar, produzir

Ex: Sweat glands secrete perspiration, helping to regulate body temperature. 

As glândulas sudoríparas secretam suor, ajudando a regular a temperatura corporal.

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RNA
RNA
[substantivo]

(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis

RNA, ácido ribonucleico

RNA, ácido ribonucleico

Ex: Scientists edited the RNA to correct a cellular malfunction. 

Os cientistas editaram o RNA para corrigir um mau funcionamento celular.

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receptor
receptor
[substantivo]

(biology) a nerve ending or cell that detects changes in the environment and sends signals to the nervous system

receptor

receptor

Ex: The skin's pressure receptors allowed him to feel the faint vibration of the phone. 
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genome
genome
[substantivo]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

genoma

genoma

Ex: Advances in genome editing technologies, like CRISPR, allow scientists to precisely modify the genetic material of organisms for research and therapeutic purposes. 

Avanços nas tecnologias de edição do genoma, como o CRISPR, permitem que os cientistas modifiquem com precisão o material genético dos organismos para fins de pesquisa e terapêuticos.

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dominant
dominant
[adjetivo]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominante, predominante

dominante, predominante

Ex: In this family, the dominant gene for curly hair is passed down to the children. 
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genetic code
genetic code
[substantivo]

(genetics) the set of rules by which the order of DNA building blocks is translated into proteins

código genético

código genético

Ex: The genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons. 
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stimulus
stimulus
[substantivo]

something that causes or prompts a physical, psychological, or behavioral response

estímulo,  incentivo

estímulo, incentivo

Ex: Children responded differently to the same auditory stimulus. 
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estrogen
estrogen
[substantivo]

(biochemistry) the main female sex hormone that controls reproduction and female traits

estrogênio

estrogênio

Ex: Low estrogen after menopause can increase the risk of osteoporosis. 
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hybrid
hybrid
[substantivo]

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

híbrido, cruzamento

híbrido, cruzamento

Ex: The vineyard owner introduced a new grape hybrid to his collection, which produced a unique flavor profile ideal for winemaking. 

O proprietário do vinhedo introduziu um novo híbrido de uva em sua coleção, que produziu um perfil de sabor único ideal para a vinificação.

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clone
clone
[substantivo]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

clone, clonagem

clone, clonagem

Ex: By using a clone of the immune cells, the researchers aimed to develop a more effective treatment for the disease. 

Ao usar um clone das células imunológicas, os pesquisadores visavam desenvolver um tratamento mais eficaz para a doença.

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