Językoznawstwo - Syntax

a sequence or chain of linguistic units, such as words or morphemes, that are linked together to form a larger structure

łańcuch, sekwencja

the relationship between words or constituents in a sentence that determines their roles and functions within the sentence

relacja gramatyczna, związek gramatyczny

a type of word that serves a grammatical or structural role in a sentence rather than carrying lexical meaning

słowo funkcyjne, słowo gramatyczne

a word, phrase, or clause that is mentioned prior to a pronoun or anaphoric expression and to which the pronoun or anaphor refers

antecedens, wyraz poprzedzający

a concept within the field of syntax and semantics in linguistics that refers to the grammatical and semantic relationships between pronouns, reflexives, and their antecedents within a sentence or discourse

wiązałość, obowiązek

a syntactic relationship between two clauses where the subject of one clause determines the interpretation or reference of an element in the other clause

kontrola, kontrola składniowa

a linguistic relationship where two or more linguistic expressions within a discourse refer to the same entity in the world

koreferencja, referencja krzyżowa

a syntactic phenomenon in English where the auxiliary verb "do" is used to form questions, negatives, and emphatic statements in certain contexts

wsparcie 'do', użycie 'do'

a syntactic phenomenon in which a verb assigns accusative case to a noun phrase that is syntactically an object but semantically related to a higher clause

wyjątkowe oznaczanie przypadka, wyjątkowe markowanie przypadku

a syntactic process in which a constituent is moved from its canonical position to a non-canonical position in a sentence for the purpose of improving readability or emphasizing certain elements

ekstrapozycja, ekstrapozycja (składnia)

a syntactic phenomenon where non-finite verbs or verb phrases are omitted in coordinated clauses, with only the shared elements being expressed, resulting in a shortened or elliptical sentence structure

gapping, pominięcie

a linguistic phenomenon where multiple verbs are consecutively combined in a single clause without explicit marking or coordination, resulting in a complex verb phrase

stakowanie czasowników, nakładanie czasowników

an empty or unpronounced position within a sentence or phrase, typically representing a missing word or element that is implied or understood from the context

luk, przerwa

a sentence structure where a verb is missing, but the meaning can still be understood based on the context, creating a sense of omission or gap in the sentence

pseudoluka, pseudogap

a syntactic process in which a verb or predicate raises its subject to a higher syntactic position, often resulting in a mismatch between the surface structure and the underlying syntactic structure

podniesienie, wzrost

a syntactic phenomenon where multiple constituents to the right of a shared verb are "raised" or elided, except for the rightmost one, creating a parallel structure

podniesienie prawego węzła, wzrost prawego węzła

the movement or reordering of constituents within a sentence, often for reasons of emphasis, focus, or stylistic variation

przesunięcie, zmiana

(in syntax) a process of omitting some words or phrases of a clause which are repetitive and could be understood from the context

pominięcie, usunięcie

the linguistic process of placing a specific word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence to highlight and give emphasis to the topic being discussed

tematyzacja, topikalizacja

a syntactic phenomenon in which the object of a verb appears to move to the subject position in a sentence, often resulting in a complex and challenging grammatical structure

trudny ruch, skomplikowany ruch

a grammatical aspect that indicates the beginning or initiation of an action or state

aspekt inchoatywny, aspekt inicjujący

(grammar) the use of a word or phrase that refers to or has the same meaning as a later word

katafora

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

deklinacja, gramatyczna deklinacja

the property of a verb or an event that indicates whether it is viewed as having a definite endpoint or culmination, distinguishing between activities and accomplishments or achievements

teliczność, teliczna właściwość

a word, sentence, etc. that is explanatory and the meaning of the sentence is complete without it being inserted, usually coming between curved brackets, commas or dashes

nawias, wstawka

(grammar) a function word that is used to form a question

interrogatyw, słowo pytające

(grammar) the use of two adjacent noun phrases having the same referent that have the same syntactical role in a sentence

apozycja, apozityw

a grammatical process where two or more words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance are joined together using conjunctions like "and" or "or" to express a relationship between them

koordynacja, koordynacja gramatyczna

(grammar) the form of a word that indicates whether one, two, or more things or people are being referred to

liczba, numer

(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter

rod, rod gramatyczny

(grammar) each of the three classes of pronouns that refers to who is speaking, who is being spoken to, or others that are not present during the conversation

osoba, osoba gramatyczna

(grammar) a set of linguistic structures that refer to the speaker or writer of the discourse

pierwsza osoba

a grammatical structure or form of a word that refers to more than one

forma pluralna, liczba mnoga

(grammar) a word or grammatical form that refers to males

męski

(grammar) a gender of words that are neither masculine nor feminine

rodzaj nijaki

(grammar) a word or grammatical form that refers to females

żeński

(grammar) any of the grammatical classes that words are categorized into, based on their usage in a sentence

a category of words that has a limited number of members and does not readily accept new additions, including pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and certain adverbs

słowo z zamkniętej klasy, klasa zamknięta słów

a category of words that can expand and accept new members, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

słowo otwartej klasy, termin otwartej klasy

(grammar) the situation where words in a phrase have the same gender, person, or number

zgoda, zgodność

a linguistic category that indicates the relationship of a noun or pronoun to other words in a sentence, typically reflecting its role as a subject, object, or modifier

przypadek gramatyczny, przypadek składniowy

a word or phrase that connects a subordinate clause to a main clause, indicating a relationship of dependence or subordination between the two clauses

spójnik podrzędny, spójnik zależny

(grammar) a word such as and, because, but, and or that connects phrases, sentences, or words

spójnik

a word or phrase that connects two or more elements of equal grammatical importance, such as words, phrases, or clauses, within a sentence

spójnik współrzędny, konjunkcja współrzędna

a pair of conjunctions that work together to connect two or more elements of equal importance in a sentence, such as "both...and," "either...or," and "neither...nor"

spójnik korelacyjny, spójnik parzysty

the grammatical rule that a verb must agree in number and person with its subject, meaning that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb

zgodność podmiotu z orzeczeniem, zgodność podmiotu i czasownika

the placement of an element, typically a word or phrase, between other elements in a sentence, disrupting the typical linear order of constituents

interpozycja, umiejscowienie

a word used to introduce a question or a relative clause, typically including words like "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," and "how"

słowo pytające, słowo względne

a linguistic category that serves a grammatical or structural function in a sentence

kategoria funkcjonalna, kategoria składniowa

a word that joins two parts of a sentence, like the main clause and a subordinate clause, indicating how they relate to each other

komplementator, łącznik

a word or phrase that is used to emphasize or strengthen the meaning of another word or phrase in a sentence

intensyfikator

a linguistic phenomenon that involves expressing a single grammatical meaning using multiple words or a phrase instead of a single word

peryfraz

(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion

wykrzyknik, międzywyraz

a grammatical element that provides additional information or adds extra meaning to a sentence, but is not essential to its basic structure or meaning

element dodatkowy, dodatek

an adverbial element that provides additional information or commentary on the main clause or sentence, expressing the speaker's attitude, viewpoint, or evaluation

dysjunkcja, element dysjunkcyjny

a word or phrase that provides additional information or description about a noun, clarifying its characteristics, qualities, or attributes within a sentence

modyfikator rzeczownika, uzupełnienie rzeczownika

(grammar) a pair of words in the same grammatical category that are joined by a conjunction, usually 'and' or 'or', with a fixed order

binom

(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

tryb, nastrój

(grammar) a form of the verb that indicates the time or duration of the action or state of the verb

czas, napięcie

(grammar) a word or phrase used to describe an action, state, or experience

czasownik

a word that is used to name a person, thing, event, state, etc.

rzeczownik, nazwa

(grammar) a word that can replace a noun or noun phrase, such as she, it, they, etc.

zaimek

a type of word that describes a noun

przymiotnik

(grammar) a word coming before a noun or noun phrase to specify its denotation

determinant, rodzajnik

a word that gives more information about a verb, adjective, or another adverb

przysłówek

a word or a morpheme that combines with a noun phrase or a pronoun to express its syntactic relationship to other parts of a sentence

adpozycja

a grammatical error or deviation from accepted language norms that occurs in speech or writing

solecizm

a type of language in which pronouns can be omitted or dropped from sentences without causing ambiguity or loss of grammaticality

język pro-drop, język bez zaimków

a language in which sentence structure is influenced by the topic of discourse, emphasizing information rather than grammatical subjects or verbs

język z naciskiem na temat, język prominentny w temacie

(grammar) a word or phrase that refers to a preceding word or phrase

anafora