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Prepositions - Prepositions of Reference

These prepositions allow the speaker to refer to known information to support or elaborate their statements.

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Categorized English Prepositions
by
by
[preposition]

used to indicate conformity with a standard or expectation

Ex: They acted by the guidelines set by the committee. 
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re
re
[preposition]

used at the beginning of a business letter, etc. to indicate the subject of the letter, or an email that is a reply to a received one

Ex: Re: Job Application 
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under
under
[preposition]

in conformity with or following a particular standard, rule, or guideline

Ex: The company operates under strict quality standards. 
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according to
according to
[preposition]

in regard to what someone has said or written

Ex: According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow. 
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as regards
as regards
[preposition]

used to indicate a connection or reference to something else

Ex: As regards your inquiry about the event, we will provide you with more information as soon as possible. 
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apropos
apropos
[preposition]

used to introduce a comment, observation, or topic that is relevant, appropriate, or timely

Ex: Apropos the meeting, we should discuss the budget changes. 
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in accordance with
in accordance with
[preposition]

used to show compliance with a specific rule, guideline, or standard

Ex: All employees are required to act in accordance with the company's code of ethics. 
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in (the|) light of
in (the) light of
[preposition]

because of a particular situation or information

Ex: In light of recent developments, we need to reevaluate our marketing strategy. 
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(in|with) relation to
in relation to
[preposition]

referring to or concerning a particular topic, subject, or context

Ex: The company issued a statement in relation to the recent allegations, addressing the concerns raised by the public. 
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with reference to
with reference to
[preposition]

used to indicate that something is being mentioned or discussed in relation to a particular subject, source, or context

Ex: With reference to your email, I would like to address a few points raised. 
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pursuant to
pursuant to
[preposition]

following a specific law, regulation, or requirement

Ex: The company made changes to its policies pursuant to the new government regulations. 
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in response to
in response to
[preposition]

as a reaction or answer to something

Ex: In response to customer feedback, the company is launching a new and improved product. 
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in connection with
in connection with
[preposition]

used to indicate a relationship or association between two or more things

Ex: The investigation is ongoing in connection with the recent data breach. 
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