Prepositions - Prepositions of Reference

These prepositions allow the speaker to refer to known information to support or elaborate their statements.

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Prepositions
by
by [preposition]

used to indicate conformity with a standard or expectation

Ex: She followed the directions by the book .
re
re [preposition]

used at the beginning of a business letter, etc. to indicate the subject of the letter, or an email that is a reply to a received one

Ex: Re: Job Application
under
under [preposition]

in conformity with or following a particular standard, rule, or guideline

Ex: The project was completed under budget and ahead of schedule .
according to
according to [preposition]

in regard to what someone has said or written

Ex: The book , according to the author , offers a unique perspective on the subject .
as regards
as regards [preposition]

used to indicate a connection or reference to something else

Ex: As regards the budget , we need to discuss possible cuts .
apropos
apropos [preposition]

used to introduce a comment, observation, or topic that is relevant, appropriate, or timely

Ex:
in accordance with
in accordance with [preposition]

used to show compliance with a specific rule, guideline, or standard

Ex: The event was organized in accordance with local laws and regulations .
in (the|) light of
in (the|) light of [preposition]

because of a particular situation or information

Ex: In light of recent events , we have decided to increase security measures .
(in|with) relation to
(in|with) relation to [preposition]

referring to or concerning a particular topic, subject, or context

Ex: In relation to your inquiry about the project timeline , we anticipate completion by next month .
with reference to
with reference to [preposition]

used to indicate that something is being mentioned or discussed in relation to a particular subject, source, or context

Ex: The speaker made several important points with reference to climate change and its impact on coastal regions .
pursuant to
pursuant to [preposition]

following a specific law, regulation, or requirement

Ex: The investigation was initiated pursuant to the terms of the contract .
in response to
in response to [preposition]

as a reaction or answer to something

Ex: In response to the increased demand , the company has expanded its production capacity .
in connection with
in connection with [preposition]

used to indicate a relationship or association between two or more things

Ex: The decision was made in connection with the company 's long-term goals .
Prepositions
Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Vertical Position Prepositions of Horizontal Position Prepositions of Distance and Proximity
Prepositions of Movement and Direction Prepositions of Time Prepositions of Relative Time Prepositions of Duration and Repetition
Prepositions of Comparison and Similarity Prepositions of Difference and Contrast Prepositions of Purpose and Intention Prepositions of Manner and Medium
Prepositions of Instrument and Agency Prepositions of Ownership and Responsibility Prepositions of Topic Prepositions of Inclusion and Categorization
Prepositions of Exclusion Prepositions of Cause and Reason Prepositions of Company and Connection Prepositions of Absence and Separation
Prepositions of Support or Opposition Prepositions of Target and Destination Prepositions of Attribution and Preference Prepositions of Level and Range
Prepositions of Material and Origin Prepositions of Quantity and Mathematic Relations Prepositions of Parameter and Specification Prepositions of Exchange and Substitution
Prepositions of State and Influence Prepositions of Rank and Occupation Prepositions of Sequence and Condition Prepositions of Alignment
Prepositions of Reference Prepositions of Basis