CEFR C2 Vocabulary - Chemistry

a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution

a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms in a covalent bond

any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes

a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances

the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)

a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current

a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

any substance with a pH of more than seven that neutralizes acids creating salt and water

a gas with a strong smell that dissolves in water to give a strongly alkaline solution

a combination of two or more metals, creating a metal that is usually stronger or more resistant

any of the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, occupying Group 17 of the periodic table, characterized by high reactivity and a tendency to form salts when combined with metals

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

any of the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, characterized by their inert nature and stable electron configurations

mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, stabilized by an emulsifying agent to prevent separation

the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a change or decay, typically in the context of radioactive decay or chemical reactions

a type of uranium that has most of its more radioactive isotopes removed, primarily used for armor-piercing ammunition and shielding

a liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance

with or having an electric charge