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Cambridge English: FCE (B2 First) - Human Impact, Resources & Sustainability

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Cambridge English: FCE (B2 First)
to cut down

to cut through something at its base in order to make it fall

Ex: The lumberjacks had to cut down the old oak tree to clear space for the new construction project. 
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fossil fuel

a fuel that is found in nature and obtained from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago, such as coal and gas

Ex: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 
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pollution
pollution
[noun]

a change in water, air, etc. that makes it harmful or dangerous

Ex: The pollution in the lake has made the water toxic to fish and plants. 
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rubbish
rubbish
[noun]

unwanted, worthless, and unneeded things that people throw away

Ex: Please take out the rubbish before the garbage truck arrives in the morning. 
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global warming

the increase in the average temperature of the Earth as a result of the greenhouse effect

Ex: Scientists link global warming to rising sea levels. 
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to recycle

to make a waste product usable again

Ex: Recycling paper involves collecting and processing used paper products to make new paper. 
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litter
litter
[noun]

waste such as bottles, papers, etc. that people throw on a sidewalk, park, or other public place

Ex: Please don’t throw litter on the sidewalk—use the bin. 
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carbon footprint

the amount of carbon dioxide that an organization or person releases into the atmosphere

Ex: Flying frequently increases your carbon footprint significantly. 
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extinction

a situation in which a particular animal or plant no longer exists

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greenhouse effect

a global problem that is caused by the increase of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide which results in gradual warming of the earth

Ex: The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon vital for sustaining life on Earth, but the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human activities has accelerated climate change and its associated impacts. 
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greenhouse gas

any type of gas, particularly carbon dioxide, that contributes to global warming by trapping heat

Ex: Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. 
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fume
fume
[noun]

smoke or gas that has a sharp smell or is harmful if inhaled

Ex: The factory released toxic fumes that posed a health risk to nearby residents. 
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overpopulation

a situation where the number of people living in a particular area is more than the capacity of the environment to support them

Ex: Overpopulation has led to a shortage of housing in many cities. 
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climate change

a permanent change in global or regional climate patterns, including temperature, wind, and rainfall

Ex: Climate change is a major concern for future generations. 
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emission
emission
[noun]

a substance that is emitted or released

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deforestation

the extensive removal of forests, typically causing environmental damage

Ex: Large-scale deforestation is driven by the demand for agricultural land. 
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toxic waste

a type of waste that contains harmful chemicals that can cause serious health and environmental problems if not properly handled and disposed of

Ex: The factory was fined for illegally dumping toxic waste into the river. 
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solar energy

power that is obtained from the sun in the form of electrical energy

Ex: Solar energy is a renewable and environmentally friendly power source. 
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solar panel

a piece of equipment, usually placed on a roof, that absorbs the energy of sun and uses it to produce electricity or heat

Ex: The house was equipped with solar panels to reduce energy costs. 
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nuclear energy

powerful energy that is produced when the core of an atom is splitted

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organic
organic
[Adjective]

(of food or farming techniques) produced or done without any artificial or chemical substances

Ex: Organic farming relies on natural methods and avoids the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. 
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green energy

energy that is produced using renewable, environmentally friendly sources, such as wind, solar, or hydroelectric power

Ex: The company is committed to investing in green energy projects. 
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reforestation

the process of replanting trees in an area where forest cover has been depleted or removed, aiming to restore or create a forest ecosystem

Ex: After a wildfire, extensive reforestation efforts were undertaken to restore the damaged forest ecosystem. 
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