CEFR C2 Vocabulary - Philosophy

a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

a philosophical perspective asserting that human beings exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe, leading to a conflict between our desire for meaning and the apparent meaninglessness of existence

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

the state of surpassing ordinary experience to reach higher understanding or existence

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

a doubtful view toward others' honesty or intentions

a Chinese philosophy focusing on living in harmony with the Tao, the fundamental principle of the universe

a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

the philosophical concept or theory that suggests the existence of two fundamental, irreducible substances or principles, often applied to the mind and body, positing them as distinct entities with separate natures

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

relating to a system of thought emphasizing intuition and spirituality over empirical evidence, seeking to understand reality beyond the physical world

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion