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C2 Level Wordlist - Philosophy

Here you will learn all the essential words for talking about Philosophy, collected specifically for level C2 learners.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
dialectic
dialectic
[noun]

a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments

Ex: The philosopher taught dialectic as a way to uncover inconsistencies in thought. 
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weltanschauung

a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

Ex: A person's weltanschauung shapes their perception of reality. 
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nihilism
nihilism
[noun]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments. 
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utilitarianism

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

Ex: Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle. 
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stoicism
stoicism
[noun]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

Ex: Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate. 
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solipsism
solipsism
[noun]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

Ex: Solipsism suggests that the individual's own thoughts and perceptions are the only certain reality. 
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ontology
ontology
[noun]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

Ex: Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality. 
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monism
monism
[noun]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

Ex: Materialistic monism contends that everything in the universe is ultimately composed of physical matter. 
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objectivism

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

Ex: Objectivism posits that reality exists independently of consciousness and that individuals can gain objective knowledge through reason. 
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subjectivism

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

Ex: Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards. 
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absurdism
absurdism
[noun]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

Ex: Absurdism, as articulated by philosophers like Albert Camus, holds that the search for meaning in a chaotic and indifferent universe is inherently futile. 
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teleology
teleology
[noun]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

Ex: Evolutionary biology often explores the apparent teleology in the adaptations of living organisms, considering whether they result from intentional design. 
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cogito
cogito
[noun]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

Ex: René Descartes famously encapsulated the essence of cogito in the phrase "Cogito, ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am." 
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monad
monad
[noun]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

Ex: In Leibniz's philosophy, monads are considered the ultimate building blocks of reality, each expressing a unique perspective on the entire universe. 
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pragmatism

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

Ex: Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations. 
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noumenon
noumenon
[noun]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

Ex: The concept of noumenon underscores the idea that our knowledge is constrained to the realm of appearances. 
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transcendence

a state of existing beyond the bounds of physical or material experience

Ex: Meditation helped her achieve a sense of transcendence beyond everyday concerns. 
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empiricism

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

Ex: John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism. 
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Taoism
Taoism
[noun]

a Chinese philosophy and religion founded on the teachings of Lao-tzu and developed by Chuang-tzu, emphasizing harmony with the Tao, simplicity, and natural order

Ex: Taoism teaches that the best way to live is to follow the flow of nature. 
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libertarianism

a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

Ex: The core principle of libertarianism is prioritizing individual rights and autonomy. 
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dualism
dualism
[noun]

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

Ex: Cartesian dualism, proposed by René Descartes, posits a separation between the mind and the body as two distinct substances. 
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fatalism
fatalism
[noun]

the philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined and humans cannot change them

Ex: Ancient Stoics embraced fatalism, believing the course of life was fixed. 
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deconstruction

a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

Ex: Deconstruction uncovers hidden meanings in texts. 
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hedonism
hedonism
[noun]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

Ex: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus developed theories of hedonism. 
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Cartesian
Cartesian
[Adjective]

related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

Ex: Descartes' cartesian philosophy stresses the importance of reason and logic. 
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Kantian
Kantian
[Adjective]

relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

Ex: Rooted in Kantian ethics is the emphasis on rationality in determining morality. 
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socratic
socratic
[Adjective]

related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

Ex: The Socratic method involves asking probing questions to stimulate discussion and promote understanding. 
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transcendental
transcendental
[Adjective]

relating to or characteristic of a philosophy that emphasizes intuition and the spiritual over empirical or material experience

Ex: Emerson's writings are central to American transcendental thought. 
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tenet
tenet
[noun]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

Ex: The tenet of democracy underscores the importance of representative governance and individual freedoms. 
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