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C2 Level Wordlist - Philosophy

Here you will learn all the essential words for talking about Philosophy, collected specifically for level C2 learners.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
dialectic
[noun]

a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

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a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

Ex: Enlightenment brought shifts weltanschauung.
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nihilism
[noun]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

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the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .
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stoicism
[noun]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

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solipsism
[noun]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .
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ontology
[noun]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

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monism
[noun]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

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a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .
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a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

Ex: The debate between objectivism subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .
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absurdism
[noun]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .
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teleology
[noun]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .
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cogito
[noun]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

Ex: cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .
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monad
[noun]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

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a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .
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noumenon
[noun]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

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the state of surpassing ordinary experience to reach higher understanding or existence

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a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

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cynicism
[noun]

a doubtful view toward others' honesty or intentions

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Taoism
[noun]

a Chinese philosophy focusing on living in harmony with the Tao, the fundamental principle of the universe

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a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

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dualism
[noun]

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

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fatalism
[noun]

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

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a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

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hedonism
[noun]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

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Cartesian
[Adjective]

related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

Ex: cartesian skeptic , employing methodical doubt , challenges the certainty of knowledge .
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Kantian
[Adjective]

relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

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socratic
[Adjective]

related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

Ex: Socratic dialogue involves a back-and-forth exchange of ideas aimed at uncovering deeper truths .
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transcendental
[Adjective]

relating to a system of thought emphasizing intuition and spirituality over empirical evidence, seeking to understand reality beyond the physical world

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tenet
[noun]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

Ex: tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .
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