Академический IELTS (Уровень 8 и Выше) - философия

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

метафизика

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

эпистемология

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

нигилизм

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

утилитаризм

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

стоицизм

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

вера в то, что только собственный разум наверняка существует

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

онтология

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

монизм

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

объективизм

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

субъективизм

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

абсурдизм

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

телеология

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

философия существования

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

монада

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

прагматизм

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

ноумен (философия)

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

фатализм

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

принцип