آیلتس آکادمیک (باند 8 و بالاتر) - Philosophy

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

متافیزیک, فلسفه فراطبیعی، مابعدالطبیعه

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

معرفت‌شناسی, شناخت‌شناسی

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

هیچ‌انگاری, نیهیلیسم

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

سودگرایی, فایده‌گرایی

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

رواقی‌گری, فلسفه رواقیون

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

نفس‌گرایی

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

هستی‌شناسی, آنتولوژی

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

یگانه‌انگاری, مونیسم

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

عینیت‌گرایی

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

ذهنیت‌گرایی, سوبژکتیویسم

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

پوچ‌انگاری, پوچ‌گرایی

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

غایت‌شناسی, پایان‌شناسی

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

فلسفه وجود

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

موناد (فلسفه), جوهر الهی

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

عمل‌گرایی, پراگماتیسم

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

وجود مجرد (فلسفه)

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

تقدیرگرایی, سرنوشت‌گرایی

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

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