Akademicki IELTS (zakres 8 i wyższy) - Philosophy

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafizyka

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologia

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilizm

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utylitaryzm

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicyzm

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsyzm

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologia

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monizm

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

obiektywizm

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subiektywizm

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdyzm

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleologia

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monada

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatyzm

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

fatalizm

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

zasada