Accademico IELTS (Banda 8 e Superiore) - Philosophy

Qui imparerai alcune parole inglesi relative alla filosofia necessarie per l'esame accademico IELTS.

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metaphysics

[sostantivo]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafisica

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field metaphysics.

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epistemology

[sostantivo]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologia

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nihilism

[sostantivo]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nichilismo

Ex: nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .

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utilitarianism

[sostantivo]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarismo

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .

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stoicism

[sostantivo]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicismo

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solipsism

[sostantivo]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsismo, solipsista

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .

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ontology

[sostantivo]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologia

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monism

[sostantivo]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monismo, monistismo

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objectivism

[sostantivo]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

oggettivismo, oggettività

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .

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subjectivism

[sostantivo]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

soggettivismo

Ex: The debate between objectivism subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .

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absurdism

[sostantivo]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

assurdità, assurdismo

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .

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teleology

[sostantivo]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleologia, studio della finalità

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .

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cogito

[sostantivo]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, pensiero

Ex: cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .

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monad

[sostantivo]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monade, monade fondamentale

Ex: Monadology , Leibniz 's philosophical treatise , explores the nature monads and their role in the harmonious pre-established order of the universe .

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pragmatism

[sostantivo]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismo

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .

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noumenon

[sostantivo]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumeno, nomeno

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fatalism

[sostantivo]

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

fatalismo, fatalità

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tenet

[sostantivo]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

principio, dottrina

Ex: tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .

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Accademico IELTS (Banda 8 e Superiore) - Philosophy