IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9) - Philosophy

在这里，你将学习一些与哲学相关的英语单词，这些单词是学术雅思考试所必需的。

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metaphysics

[名词]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

形而上学, 第一哲学

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.许多古代哲学家，如柏拉图和亚里士多德，对**形而上学**领域做出了重大贡献。

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epistemology

[名词]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

认识论, 知识论

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge and epistemology.她关于教育改革的论文不仅讨论了政策，还讨论了知识哲学和**认识论**中的根本问题。

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nihilism

[名词]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

虚无主义, 否定主义

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .虽然**虚无主义**常常与绝望和悲观主义联系在一起，但一些哲学家将其视为一种解放的哲学，将个人从传统道德和意识形态的约束中解放出来。

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utilitarianism

[名词]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

功利主义, 效用学说

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**功利主义**经常应用于公共政策、经济和伦理等领域，其决策旨在最大化社会福利或效用。

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stoicism

[名词]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

斯多葛主义, 斯多葛哲学

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .通过学习区分什么在我们控制之内和之外，**斯多葛主义**为内心平静提供了工具。

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solipsism

[名词]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

唯我论, 哲学上的自我中心主义

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .**唯我论**可能导致孤立感，因为个体的现实被限制在他们自己的意识中。

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ontology

[名词]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

本体论

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .在当代哲学中，**本体论**与逻辑学、形而上学和认识论等其他学科相交，塑造了我们对现实基本结构的理解。

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monism

[名词]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

一元论, 一元论理论

Ex: The unity of mind and body in Spinoza 's philosophy exemplifies a form of monism.斯宾诺莎哲学中身心合一体现了一种**一元论**形式。

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objectivism

[名词]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

客观主义, 客观主义哲学

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles of objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .安·兰德的小说，如《源泉》和《阿特拉斯耸耸肩》，戏剧化了**客观主义**的原则，说明了她对英雄个人主义和人类心灵创造力的愿景。

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subjectivism

[名词]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

主观主义, 主观主义学说

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .哲学中客观主义与**主观主义**之间的辩论围绕着道德和认识论主张是否可以建立在客观现实基础上，还是本质上就是主观的。

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absurdism

[名词]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

荒诞主义, 荒谬

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes of absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .存在主义作家的作品，如加缪的《局外人》和塞缪尔·贝克特的《等待戈多》，常常深入探讨**荒诞主义**的主题，突出人类在无意义的世界中寻找意义的斗争。

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teleology

[名词]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

目的论, 目的研究

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions related to teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .人工智能伦理领域探讨与**目的论**、伦理目标以及AI系统潜在意外后果相关的问题。

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cogito

[名词]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, 通过思考的行为来说明对自我存在的核心认知的哲学

Ex: The cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .**我思**在西方哲学中作为一个关键点，为笛卡尔随后对知识、现实和存在本质的探究提供了起点。

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monad

[名词]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

单子, 不可分割的实体

Ex: Monadology , Leibniz 's philosophical treatise , explores the nature of monads and their role in the harmonious pre-established order of the universe .**单子论**，莱布尼茨的哲学论文，探讨了**单子**的本质及其在宇宙和谐预定秩序中的作用。

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pragmatism

[名词]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

实用主义, 实用主义哲学

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .哲学家之间关于理想主义与**实用主义**优点的辩论在哲学思想史上有着深厚的根源。

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noumenon

[名词]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

本体, 物自体

Ex: Kant 's concept of noumenon has influenced debates in philosophy of mind , addressing questions about the nature of consciousness and subjective experience .康德的**本体**概念影响了心灵哲学中的辩论，解决了关于意识和主观经验本质的问题。

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fatalism

[名词]

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

宿命论, 命运信仰

Ex: The fatalistic viewpoint often arises in discussions about destiny, chance, and the nature of existence.**宿命论**的观点经常出现在关于命运、机遇和存在本质的讨论中。

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tenet

[名词]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

原则, 信条

Ex: The tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .言论自由的**原则**是民主社会的基石，促进开放的讨论和表达。

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IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9)

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IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9) - Philosophy