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a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
形而上学
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
虚无主义
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
功利主义
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
斯多戈主义
a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist
唯我论
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
本体论
a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle
一元论
a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism
客观主义
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
主观主义
the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning
荒谬主义
the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions
目的论
the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking
思考
a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective
单子
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
实用主义
a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers
物自体
the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals
宿命论
a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion
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