IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9) - Philosophy

在这里,你将学习一些与哲学相关的英语单词,这些单词是学术雅思考试所必需的。

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IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9)
metaphysics [名词]
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形而上学

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics .

许多古代哲学家,如柏拉图和亚里士多德,对形而上学领域做出了重大贡献。

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the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

Ex: The course explored classical and contemporary theories in epistemology .
nihilism [名词]
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the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Nihilism can lead to radical skepticism about law and order .
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功利主义

Ex: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are among the most influential proponents of utilitarianism , advocating for a moral calculus based on the principle of utility .

杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔是功利主义最有影响力的支持者之一,主张基于效用原则的道德计算。

stoicism [名词]
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斯多葛主义

Ex: Her dissertation analyzed how stoicism influenced prominent historical figures from Washington to Mandela .

她的论文分析了斯多葛主义如何影响了从华盛顿到曼德拉等著名历史人物。

solipsism [名词]
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唯我论

Ex: In the realm of solipsism , the external world is viewed as uncertain or potentially non-existent .

唯我论的领域中,外部世界被视为不确定或可能不存在。

ontology [名词]
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本体论

Ex: In ontology , philosophers inquire into the nature of being , distinguishing between different categories of existence and examining the properties of entities .

本体论中,哲学家探究存在的本质,区分不同的存在类别并检查实体的属性。

monism [名词]
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一元论

Ex: Idealistic monism posits that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual in nature .

理想主义的一元论认为现实本质上是精神的或灵性的。

objectivism [名词]
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客观主义

Ex: A core tenet of objectivism is the pursuit of one 's own happiness and rational self-interest as the highest moral purpose of life .

客观主义的一个核心信条是追求个人幸福和理性的自我利益作为生活的最高道德目的。

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主观主义

Ex: In ethical subjectivism , moral judgments are based on personal feelings and opinions rather than objective criteria or external truths .

在伦理主观主义中,道德判断是基于个人感受和意见,而不是客观标准或外部真理。

absurdism [名词]
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荒诞主义

Ex: Despite acknowledging life 's inherent meaninglessness , absurdism encourages individuals to rebel against this absurdity by creating their own purpose and values .

尽管承认生命固有的无意义,荒诞主义鼓励个人通过创造自己的目的和价值观来反抗这种荒诞。

teleology [名词]
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目的论

Ex: The idea of teleology in nature was challenged by Enlightenment thinkers who sought to explain phenomena without resorting to divine purpose .

自然界中目的论的想法受到了启蒙思想家的挑战,他们试图在不诉诸神圣目的的情况下解释现象。

cogito [名词]
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cogito

Ex: The concept of cogito forms the foundational certainty in Descartes ' philosophy , asserting that the very act of doubt confirms the doubter 's existence .

我思的概念在笛卡尔的哲学中形成了基本的确定性,断言怀疑的行为本身就证实了怀疑者的存在。

monad [名词]
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单子

Ex: The idea of monads influenced later philosophical discussions on individuality , perception , and the nature of existence .

单子的概念影响了后来关于个体性、感知和存在本质的哲学讨论。

pragmatism [名词]
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实用主义

Ex: The core tenet of philosophical pragmatism is that the value of a concept lies in its ability to solve real-world problems and contribute to practical success .

哲学实用主义的核心信条是,一个概念的价值在于它解决现实世界问题和促进实际成功的能力。

noumenon [名词]
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本体

Ex:

本体提出了关于现实本身的性质和人类理解局限性的问题。

fatalism [名词]
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the philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined and humans cannot change them

Ex: His lectures explored fatalism in classical literature .
tenet [名词]
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原则

Ex: In Buddhism , the tenet of impermanence teaches that all things are in a constant state of change .

在佛教中,无常的教义教导说一切事物都处于不断变化的状态。