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Bokabularyo para sa IELTS Academic (Score 8-9) - Philosophy

Dito, matututunan mo ang ilang mga salitang Ingles na may kaugnayan sa Pilosopiya na kailangan para sa Academic IELTS exam.

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Vocabulary for Academic IELTS (8)
metaphysics
metaphysics
[Pangngalan]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metapisika, unang pilosopiya

metapisika, unang pilosopiya

Ex: The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics. 
epistemology
epistemology
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

epistemolohiya, teorya ng kaalaman

epistemolohiya, teorya ng kaalaman

Ex: Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty. 
nihilism
nihilism
[Pangngalan]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilismo, nihilismo

nihilismo, nihilismo

Ex: Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments. 
utilitarianism
utilitarianism
[Pangngalan]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarianismo, doktrina ng kapakinabangan

utilitarianismo, doktrina ng kapakinabangan

Ex: Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle. 
stoicism
stoicism
[Pangngalan]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicismo, pilosopiyang stoiko

stoicismo, pilosopiyang stoiko

Ex: Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate. 
solipsism
solipsism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsismo, pilosopikong pagiging makasarili

solipsismo, pilosopikong pagiging makasarili

Ex: Solipsism suggests that the individual's own thoughts and perceptions are the only certain reality. 
ontology
ontology
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontolohiya

ontolohiya

Ex: Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality. 
monism
monism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monismo, teoryang monista

monismo, teoryang monista

Ex: Materialistic monism contends that everything in the universe is ultimately composed of physical matter. 
objectivism
objectivism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

obhetibismo, pilosopiya ng obhetibismo

obhetibismo, pilosopiya ng obhetibismo

Ex: Objectivism posits that reality exists independently of consciousness and that individuals can gain objective knowledge through reason. 
subjectivism
subjectivism
[Pangngalan]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subhetibismo, doktrina ng subhetibismo

subhetibismo, doktrina ng subhetibismo

Ex: Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards. 
absurdism
absurdism
[Pangngalan]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdismo, kawalang-kabuluhan

absurdismo, kawalang-kabuluhan

Ex: Absurdism, as articulated by philosophers like Albert Camus, holds that the search for meaning in a chaotic and indifferent universe is inherently futile. 
teleology
teleology
[Pangngalan]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleolohiya, pag-aaral ng mga layunin

teleolohiya, pag-aaral ng mga layunin

Ex: Evolutionary biology often explores the apparent teleology in the adaptations of living organisms, considering whether they result from intentional design. 
cogito
cogito
[Pangngalan]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, ang pilosopiya na naglalarawan ng pangunahing pagkilala sa sariling pag-iral sa pamamagitan ng kilos ng pag-iisip

cogito, ang pilosopiya na naglalarawan ng pangunahing pagkilala sa sariling pag-iral sa pamamagitan ng kilos ng pag-iisip

Ex: René Descartes famously encapsulated the essence of cogito in the phrase "Cogito, ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am." 
monad
monad
[Pangngalan]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monad, hindi mahahating entidad

monad, hindi mahahating entidad

Ex: In Leibniz's philosophy, monads are considered the ultimate building blocks of reality, each expressing a unique perspective on the entire universe. 
pragmatism
pragmatism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismo, pilosopiyang pragmatiko

pragmatismo, pilosopiyang pragmatiko

Ex: Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations. 
noumenon
noumenon
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon, bagay sa sarili

noumenon, bagay sa sarili

Ex: The concept of noumenon underscores the idea that our knowledge is constrained to the realm of appearances. 
fatalism
fatalism
[Pangngalan]

the philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined and humans cannot change them

patalismo, determinismong patalista

patalismo, determinismong patalista

Ex: Ancient Stoics embraced fatalism, believing the course of life was fixed. 
tenet
tenet
[Pangngalan]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

prinsipyo, dogma

prinsipyo, dogma

Ex: The tenet of democracy underscores the importance of representative governance and individual freedoms. 
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