Ordförråd för IELTS Academic (Poäng 8-9) - Philosophy

Här kommer du att lära dig några engelska ord relaterade till Filosofi som är nödvändiga för det akademiska IELTS-provet.

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metaphysics

[Substantiv]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafysik, första filosofi

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.Många antika filosofer, som Platon och Aristoteles, gjorde betydande bidrag till området **metafysik**.

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epistemology

[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

Ex: Epistemology examines the difference between opinion and knowledge .

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nihilism

[Substantiv]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Writers in the 19th century explored nihilism in Russian society .

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utilitarianism

[Substantiv]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarism, nyttolära

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**Utilitarism** tillämpas ofta inom områden som offentlig politik, ekonomi och etik, där beslut fattas med syftet att maximera social välfärd eller nytta.

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stoicism

[Substantiv]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicism, stoisk filosofi

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Genom att lära sig skilja mellan vad som är och inte är inom vår kontroll, ger **stoicism** verktyg för inre frid.

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solipsism

[Substantiv]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsism, filosofisk egocentrism

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .**Solipsism** kan leda till en känsla av isolering, eftersom individens verklighet begränsas till deras eget medvetande.

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ontology

[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologi

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .I samtidsfilosofin skär **ontologi** andra discipliner som logik, metafysik och kunskapsteori, och formar vår förståelse av verklighetens grundläggande struktur.

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monism

[Substantiv]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monism, monistisk teori

Ex: The unity of mind and body in Spinoza 's philosophy exemplifies a form of monism.Enheten mellan sinne och kropp i Spinozas filosofi exemplifierar en form av **monism**.

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objectivism

[Substantiv]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

objektivism, objektivismens filosofi

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles of objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .Ayn Rands romaner, såsom "Källan" och "Atlas ryckte på axlarna", dramatiserar principerna för **objektivismen**, och illustrerar hennes vision om heroisk individualism och den mänskliga hjärnans kreativa kraft.

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subjectivism

[Substantiv]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivism, läran om subjektivism

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Debatten mellan objektivism och **subjektivism** i filosofen kretsar kring frågan om moraliska och epistemologiska påståenden kan grundas i objektiv verklighet eller är inneboende subjektiva.

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absurdism

[Substantiv]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdism, det absurda

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes of absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .Verk av existentialistiska författare, såsom Camus "Främlingen" och Samuel Becketts "Väntan på Godot", fördjupar sig ofta i teman av **absurdism**, och belyser den mänskliga kampen för att hitta mening i en meningslös värld.

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teleology

[Substantiv]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleologi, studiet av syften

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions related to teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .Området för artificiell intelligens etik brottas med frågor relaterade till **teleologi**, etiska mål och de potentiella oavsiktliga konsekvenserna av AI-system.

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cogito

[Substantiv]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, filosofin som illustrerar den centrala erkännandet av ens existens genom handlingen att tänka

Ex: The cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .**Cogito** fungerar som en central punkt i västerländsk filosofi och ger en utgångspunkt för Descartes efterföljande undersökningar av kunskap, verklighet och väsenets natur.

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monad

[Substantiv]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monad, odelbar enhet

Ex: Monadology , Leibniz 's philosophical treatise , explores the nature of monads and their role in the harmonious pre-established order of the universe .**Monadologin**, Leibniz filosofiska avhandling, utforskar naturen hos **monader** och deras roll i universums harmoniska förutbestämda ordning.

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pragmatism

[Substantiv]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatism, pragmatisk filosofi

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Debatterna bland filosofer om fördelarna med idealism kontra **pragmatism** har djupa rötter i den filosofiska tankens historia.

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noumenon

[Substantiv]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon, sak i sig

Ex: Kant 's concept of noumenon has influenced debates in philosophy of mind , addressing questions about the nature of consciousness and subjective experience .Kants begrepp **noumenon** har påverkat debatter inom medvetandefilosofi, där frågor om medvetandets och den subjektiva upplevelsens natur tas upp.

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fatalism

[Substantiv]

the philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined and humans cannot change them

Ex: Fatalism often raises debates about free will and moral responsibility .

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tenet

[Substantiv]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

princip, dogm

Ex: The tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .**Principen** om yttrandefrihet är en hörnsten i demokratiska samhällen, som främjar öppen diskurs och uttryck.

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Ordförråd för IELTS Academic (Poäng 8-9)

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