Kosakata untuk IELTS Academic (Skor 8-9) - Philosophy

Di sini, Anda akan mempelajari beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang terkait dengan Filsafat yang diperlukan untuk ujian IELTS Akademik.

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metaphysics

[Kata benda]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafisika, filsafat pertama

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.Banyak filsuf kuno, seperti Plato dan Aristoteles, memberikan kontribusi signifikan di bidang **metafisika**.

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epistemology

[Kata benda]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologi, teori pengetahuan

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge and epistemology.Makalahnya tentang reformasi pendidikan tidak hanya membahas kebijakan tetapi juga masalah mendasar dalam filsafat pengetahuan dan **epistemologi**.

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nihilism

[Kata benda]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilisme, penolakan

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .Meskipun **nihilisme** sering dikaitkan dengan keputusasaan dan pesimisme, beberapa filsuf memandangnya sebagai filosofi yang membebaskan yang membebaskan individu dari belenggu moralitas dan ideologi konvensional.

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utilitarianism

[Kata benda]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarianisme, doktrin utilitas

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**Utilitarianisme** sering diterapkan dalam bidang-bidang seperti kebijakan publik, ekonomi, dan etika, di mana keputusan dibuat dengan tujuan memaksimalkan kesejahteraan sosial atau utilitas.

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stoicism

[Kata benda]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoikisme, filsafat stoik

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Dengan belajar membedakan apa yang ada dan tidak ada dalam kendali kita, **stoikisme** menyediakan alat untuk ketenangan batin.

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solipsism

[Kata benda]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsisme, egosentrisme filosofis

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .**Solipsisme** dapat menyebabkan perasaan terisolasi, karena realitas individu terbatas pada kesadaran mereka sendiri.

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ontology

[Kata benda]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologi

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Dalam filsafat kontemporer, **ontologi** beririsan dengan disiplin ilmu lain seperti logika, metafisika, dan epistemologi, membentuk pemahaman kita tentang struktur dasar realitas.

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monism

[Kata benda]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monisme, teori monistik

Ex: The unity of mind and body in Spinoza 's philosophy exemplifies a form of monism.Kesatuan pikiran dan tubuh dalam filosofi Spinoza merupakan contoh dari bentuk **monisme**.

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objectivism

[Kata benda]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

objektivisme, filsafat objektivisme

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles of objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .Novel-novel Ayn Rand, seperti "The Fountainhead" dan "Atlas Shrugged," mendramatisasikan prinsip-prinsip **objektivisme**, menggambarkan visinya tentang individualisme heroik dan kekuatan kreatif pikiran manusia.

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subjectivism

[Kata benda]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivisme, doktrin subjektivisme

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Perdebatan antara objektivisme dan **subjektivisme** dalam filsafat berkisar pada apakah klaim moral dan epistemologis dapat didasarkan pada realitas objektif atau secara inheren subjektif.

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absurdism

[Kata benda]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdisme, kekonyolan

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes of absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .Karya-karya penulis eksistensialis, seperti "Orang Asing" Camus dan "Menunggu Godot" Samuel Beckett, sering menyelami tema **absurdisme**, menyoroti perjuangan manusia untuk menemukan makna dalam dunia yang tak bermakna.

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teleology

[Kata benda]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleologi, studi tentang tujuan

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions related to teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .Bidang etika kecerdasan buatan bergulat dengan pertanyaan terkait **teleologi**, tujuan etis, dan konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan dari sistem AI.

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cogito

[Kata benda]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, filsafat yang menggambarkan pengakuan inti akan keberadaan seseorang melalui tindakan berpikir

Ex: The cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .**Cogito** berfungsi sebagai titik pivotal dalam filsafat Barat, memberikan landasan awal untuk penyelidikan Descartes selanjutnya tentang pengetahuan, realitas, dan hakikat keberadaan.

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monad

[Kata benda]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monad, entitas yang tidak terbagi

Ex: Monadology , Leibniz 's philosophical treatise , explores the nature of monads and their role in the harmonious pre-established order of the universe .**Monadologi**, risalah filosofis Leibniz, mengeksplorasi sifat **monad** dan perannya dalam tatanan harmoni yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya di alam semesta.

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pragmatism

[Kata benda]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatisme, filsafat pragmatis

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Debat di antara para filsuf mengenai keunggulan idealisme versus **pragmatisme** memiliki akar yang dalam dalam sejarah pemikiran filosofis.

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noumenon

[Kata benda]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon, benda dalam dirinya sendiri

Ex: Kant 's concept of noumenon has influenced debates in philosophy of mind , addressing questions about the nature of consciousness and subjective experience .Konsep **noumenon** Kant telah mempengaruhi perdebatan dalam filsafat pikiran, membahas pertanyaan tentang sifat kesadaran dan pengalaman subjektif.

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fatalism

[Kata benda]

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

fatalisme, kepercayaan pada takdir

Ex: The fatalistic viewpoint often arises in discussions about destiny, chance, and the nature of existence.Pandangan **fatalisme** sering muncul dalam diskusi tentang takdir, kesempatan, dan sifat keberadaan.

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tenet

[Kata benda]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

prinsip, dogma

Ex: The tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .**Prinsip** kebebasan berbicara adalah landasan masyarakat demokratis, mendorong wacana dan ekspresi terbuka.

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Kosakata untuk IELTS Academic (Skor 8-9)

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Kosakata untuk IELTS Academic (Skor 8-9) - Philosophy