Akademický IELTS (Pásmo 8 a Výše) - Philosophy

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafyzika

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologie

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilismus

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarismus

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicismus

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsismus

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologie

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monismus

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

objektivismus

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivismus, subjektivita

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdismus, absurdity

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleologie, studium cílů

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, myšlení

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monáda, nedělitelná jednotka

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismus

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon, nomenon

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

fatalismus

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

princip, dogma