the fact of having an excessive number of words that results in being tedious
冗长
尽管作者的风格雄辩，小说的冗长使得读者难以通过众多的题外话和冗长的描述保持参与。
the study of techniques and principles for using language effectively, especially in public speaking
修辞学, 演讲术
古典修辞学侧重于说服和论证结构。
the interconnectedness and referencing of texts, where one text refers to or influences another, creating layers of meaning and a complex web of relationships between texts
互文性, 文本间的相互联系
小说中对互文性的运用在引用莎士比亚的著名台词时变得明显，为角色的对话增添了意义层次。
the overlapping and blending of language elements, such as sounds or grammatical structures, within speech or writing
叠覆, 重叠
理解语法和语义的重叠对于高级语言学习者至关重要。
(grammar) the use of two adjacent noun phrases having the same referent that have the same syntactical role in a sentence
同位语, 并置
句子“爱丽丝，团队领导，在会议上发言”使用同位语来提供关于爱丽丝的更多信息。
a new word that is formed by the combination of two other words blending their meaning and sounds
混成词, 合成词
混合词，如来自"smoke"和"fog"的"smog"，常常是对新的文化现象的回应而出现。
(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language
句法, 语法结构
理解语言的句法对于构建语法正确且有意义的句子至关重要。
(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided
语素, 最小的意义单位
单词"unhappiness"包含三个语素："un-"、"happy"和"-ness"。
(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth
语义学
理解语义学对于解释不同语境中的细微差别和微妙之处至关重要。
the complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses
词汇, 词典
语言学家分析一种语言的词汇，以理解其词汇及单词之间的关系。
(grammar) a word or phrase that refers to a preceding word or phrase
首语重复法, 重复
诗人使用首语重复法来创造节奏模式并强调诗的中心主题。
the phenomenon in language where a single word has multiple related meanings or senses
多义性, 一词多义现象
“银行”一词的多义性包括与金融机构、河岸和斜坡相关的含义。
a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which can occur due to phonetic differences in specific contexts or environments within a language
音位变体，音位的变体发音，可能由于语言内特定语境或环境中的语音差异而产生, 音位变体，出现在特定语音环境中的音位变体形式
在美式英语中，“water”一词中的“t”音发为闪音[ɾ]是音素/t/的一个音位变体。
(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection
词位, 基本语言单位
例如，词位 "run" 包括基本形式 "run"，以及它的屈折形式如 "ran"、"running" 和 "runs"。
the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation
音位, 音素
例如，在英语中，音素 /p/ 和 /b/ 是不同的，因为它们可以改变像“pat”和“bat”这样的单词的意思。
a word that is more general and encompasses a broader category of related terms
上位词, 通用术语
例如，“水果”是“苹果”、“香蕉”和“橙子”的上位词。
the process of inventing a word
新词, 造词
新词经常出现来描述社会中的新概念、趋势或现象。
the phenomenon in which an irregular form of a word, often a verb or adjective, is used instead of a regular form to express a different grammatical feature
补充法, 异干法
补充法的一个例子是英语动词"to be"，其中形式"am"、"is"、"are"、"was"和"were"不遵循规则的屈折模式。
(linguistics) a variety of language that is used in a particular social context, based on the communicative purpose and social status of the user
语域, 语言水平
a phonological process in which sounds or syllables in a word are rearranged or switched positions, resulting in a change in the order of phonemes or syllables within the word
音位转换, 换位
音位变换的一个例子是在英语的一些方言中将“ask”发音为“aks”。
a phonological process in which a sound or phoneme is inserted into a word, typically to break up a consonant cluster or improve phonotactic constraints
插音, 音素插入
插入音的一个例子是在单词"warmth"中插入一个元音，发音为"wawrmth"，以缓解"r"和"m"之间的过渡。
the process of duplicating all or part of a word or morpheme to create a new form, often with a change in meaning or grammatical function
重叠, 重复
英语中重复的一个例子是单词"bye-bye"，这是一种对孩子友好的说"再见"的方式。
the process of shortening a word by dropping one or more syllables
截断, 缩短
截短的例子包括从"advertisement"截取的"ad"，从"laboratory"截取的"lab"，以及从"bicycle"截取的"bike"。
a word-formation process in which a word or name is modified to create a shorter, affectionate, or informal version, often used to express familiarity, endearment, or intimacy
昵称, 爱称
昵称的常见例子包括“William”的“Billy”、“Katherine”的“Katie”和“Elizabeth”的“Lizzie”。
the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase
同义反复, 冗余
许多写作初学者经常在不知不觉中犯下使用同义反复的错误。
a phonological process in which vowels within a word or across adjacent words become more similar or assimilate to each other in terms of certain phonetic features
元音和谐, 元音和谐律
土耳其语是一种展现元音和谐的语言，其中后缀会改变其元音以匹配词根中元音的前后位置。
a word that represents a subset of a broader category
下义词, 子类别
你知道“走”有几种下义词，比如“散步”和“慢跑”吗？
relating to phenomena, especially in language, as they exist at a specific time, without reference to historical development
共时的, 同步的
对俚语的共时研究显示了词语在当代社会中是如何使用的。
related to the study or analysis of phenomena or changes over time, particularly within linguistics or historical contexts
历时的, 历史的
学者们使用历时研究来追溯方言的起源。
