Гуманитарные Науки SAT - Социальные науки

the policy of separating a group of people from the rest based on racial, sexual, or religious grounds and discriminating against them

сегрегация

the practice of treating a person or different categories of people less fairly than others

дискриминация

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

этничность, нация

a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

меньшинство

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

активизм

the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

агентство, власть

a large group of people who are related to each other

племя

a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

вождества, племенное вождьство

a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

коллектив, сообщество

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

демографическая группа

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

урбанизация, развитие городов

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

цивилизация

an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

бюрократия

the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

социализация, воспитание в обществе

any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

гражданское право, гражданские права

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

положение дел

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

индустриализация, индустриализация

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

аристократия

kings and queens and any member of their families

королевская семья

a large, important city that serves as a significant economic, political, or cultural center for a region or country

метрополия

the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

инфраструктура

the state of being valid, justifiable, or morally acceptable

легитимность, обоснованность

the understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that are different from one's own

теория разума, теория ума

the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

гражданское неповиновение, мирное сопротивление

the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

неконформизм, несоответствие

a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

изгой, отверженный

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

беженец

a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

коммуна

the outer areas or parts of a city or town

окрестности

a draining and stressful lifestyle that consists of constantly competing with others for success, wealth, power, etc. and so leaving no room for rest and pleasure

это работа, в котором люди агрессивно соревнуются друг с другом

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

приход

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

каста

a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

уровень, степень

a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society

социальное положение, статус

marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

классовый, дискриминационный по отношению к классу

having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

скромный, смиренный

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

социально-экономический, социальноэкономический

relating to a social system where men hold primary power and authority over women and families

патриархальный, патриархатный

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

аборигенный, коренной

involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

человеколюбивый

including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

космополитический

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

утопический

advocating for social, political, or economic reform and improvement

прогрессивный

displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

воинствующий

characteristic of or relating to a residential area outside a city or town

пригородный

to treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or of secondary or minor importance

маргинализировать, изолировать

to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

провести перепись

to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices

ассимилировать, интегрироваться

to help someone to restore to a healthy and independent state after a period of imprisonment, addiction, illness, etc.

реабилитировать