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人文学科SAT - 社会科学

在这里,你将学习一些与社会科学相关的英语单词,如“少数”、“父权制”、“人口普查”等,这些单词是你通过SAT考试所需要的。

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SAT Vocabulary for Humanities
segregation
[名词]

the policy of separating a group of people from the rest based on racial, sexual, or religious grounds and discriminating against them

隔离

隔离

Ex: The festival showcases music, food, and art from various ethnicities around the world.这个节日展示了来自世界各地不同民族的音乐、食物和艺术。
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the practice of treating a person or different categories of people less fairly than others

歧视, 隔离

歧视, 隔离

Ex: She spoke out against discrimination after witnessing unfair treatment of her colleagues .在目睹了同事受到不公平待遇后,她公开反对**歧视**。
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ethnicity
[名词]

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

种族

种族

Ex: The festival showcases music , food , and art from various ethnicities around the world .这个节日展示了来自世界各地不同**民族**的音乐、食物和艺术。
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minority
[名词]

a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

少数群体

少数群体

Ex: He is researching the history of minority communities in the area .他正在研究该地区**少数**群体的历史。
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activism
[名词]

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

行动主义, 抗争

行动主义, 抗争

Ex: She has been involved in activism since her teenage years , advocating for gender equality and women 's rights .她从青少年时期就参与了** activism **,倡导性别平等和妇女权利。
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agency
[名词]

the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

机构, 行动力

机构, 行动力

Ex: The CEO 's strong leadership provided the agency needed to steer the company through challenging times .CEO的强有力领导提供了在充满挑战的时期引导公司所需的**代理**。
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clan
[名词]

a large group of people who are related to each other

氏族, 大家庭

氏族, 大家庭

Ex: The wedding was a grand event , attended by members of the clan from all over the country .婚礼是一场盛大的活动,来自全国各地的**家族**成员都参加了。
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chiefdom
[名词]

a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

酋长制, 首领制度

酋长制, 首领制度

Ex: The chiefdom system can be seen as a precursor to more centralized and bureaucratic forms of government.**酋长制**可以被视为更集中和官僚政府形式的前身。
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collective
[名词]

a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

集体

集体

Ex: The labor union acted as a collective to negotiate fair wages and working conditions on behalf of its members .工会作为一个**集体**代表其成员谈判公平的工资和工作条件。
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demographic
[名词]

the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

人口统计的, 人口统计特征

人口统计的, 人口统计特征

Ex: Companies often tailor their products to appeal to a specific demographic.公司经常调整他们的产品以吸引特定的**人口统计**群体。
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urbanization
[名词]

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

城市化, 都市化

城市化, 都市化

Ex: The book discusses the history of urbanization.这本书讨论了**城市化**的历史。
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civilization
[名词]

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

文明, 社会

文明, 社会

Ex: The rise of civilization in Mesopotamia marked the beginning of recorded history .美索不达米亚**文明**的兴起标志着有记录历史的开始。
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bureaucracy
[名词]

an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

官僚主义, 行政机构

官僚主义, 行政机构

Ex: The university bureaucracy requires multiple approvals for any major administrative changes .大学**官僚机构**要求任何重大行政变更都需要多次批准。
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the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

社会化, 社会融合

社会化, 社会融合

Ex: Online socialization through social media platforms influences how people communicate and form relationships in the digital age .通过社交媒体平台进行的在线**社会化**影响了人们在数字时代的交流和关系形成方式。
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civil right
[名词]

any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

公民权利, 基本自由

公民权利, 基本自由

Ex: The right to vote is an important civil right in many democracies .投票权是许多民主国家中一项重要的**公民权利**。
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status quo
[名词]

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

现状, 当前的事态

现状, 当前的事态

Ex: The company ’s policy aims to preserve the status quo in terms of employee benefits .公司的政策旨在保持员工福利方面的**现状**。
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the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

工业化, 工业发展

工业化, 工业发展

Ex: Urbanization often accompanies industrialization, as people move to cities in search of employment in factories .**工业化**往往伴随着城市化,因为人们为了在工厂找工作而搬到城市。
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aristocracy
[名词]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

贵族, 贵族阶级

贵族, 贵族阶级

Ex: The aristocracy opposed many social reforms that threatened their privileges .**贵族**反对许多威胁他们特权的社会改革。
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royalty
[名词]

kings and queens and any member of their families

王室, 皇室

王室, 皇室

Ex: The film depicted the life of royalty, highlighting their lavish lifestyle and ceremonial duties .这部电影描绘了**皇室**的生活,突出了他们奢华的生活方式和仪式职责。
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metropolis
[名词]

a large, important city that serves as a significant economic, political, or cultural center for a region or country

大都市, 大城市

大都市, 大城市

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the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

基础设施, 基础设施群

基础设施, 基础设施群

Ex: The earthquake damaged critical infrastructure, leaving thousands without electricity or clean water .地震破坏了关键的**基础设施**,导致数千人没有电或干净的水。
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legitimacy
[名词]

the state of being valid, justifiable, or morally acceptable

合法性, 有效性

合法性, 有效性

Ex: International law provides a framework for determining the legitimacy of military interventions .国际法为确定军事干预的**合法性**提供了一个框架。
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the understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that are different from one's own

心智理论, 心智理解

心智理论, 心智理解

Ex: Effective communication often relies on a well-developed theory of mind to anticipate and respond to others' thoughts and feelings.有效的沟通通常依赖于一个发展良好的**心智理论**来预测和回应他人的想法和感受。
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the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

公民不服从, 非暴力抵抗

公民不服从, 非暴力抵抗

Ex: Participants in the protest engaged in acts of civil disobedience by blocking access to government buildings .抗议活动的参与者通过封锁政府建筑的入口进行了**公民不服从**行为。
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the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

不遵从

不遵从

Ex: Philosophers often explore themes of nonconformity in their critique of societal norms and values .哲学家在他们的社会规范和价值观批判中经常探索**不墨守成规**的主题。
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outcast
[名词]

a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

被排斥者, 弃儿

被排斥者, 弃儿

Ex: The outcast found solace in the company of other marginalized individuals .**被排斥者**在其他边缘化个体的陪伴中找到了慰藉。
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refugee
[名词]

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

难民, 流离失所者

难民, 流离失所者

Ex: The refugee crisis prompted discussions on humanitarian aid and global responsibility .**难民**危机引发了关于人道主义援助和全球责任的讨论。
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commune
[名词]

a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

公社

公社

Ex: Residents of the commune voted in the local elections to choose their representatives on the council .**公社**的居民在当地选举中投票选出他们在议会中的代表。
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outskirts
[名词]

the outer areas or parts of a city or town

郊区, 市郊

郊区, 市郊

Ex: Commuting from the outskirts to the city center can be challenging during rush hour , as traffic congestion often slows down travel times significantly .在高峰时段从**郊区**通勤到市中心可能具有挑战性,因为交通拥堵通常会显著减慢出行时间。
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rat race
[名词]

a draining and stressful lifestyle that consists of constantly competing with others for success, wealth, power, etc. and so leaving no room for rest and pleasure

老鼠赛跑, 激烈竞争的生活

老鼠赛跑, 激烈竞争的生活

Ex: She has been stuck in the rat race for years , working long hours and sacrificing her personal life for her career .她多年来一直困在**老鼠赛跑**中,长时间工作并为事业牺牲个人生活。
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parish
[名词]

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

教区, 堂区

教区, 堂区

Ex: The parish celebrated its centennial anniversary with a special Mass and community picnic .**教区**以特别的弥撒和社区野餐庆祝了它的百年纪念。
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caste
[名词]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

种姓, 种姓制度

种姓, 种姓制度

Ex: Efforts to address caste-based discrimination require legislative measures, educational reforms, and social awareness campaigns to promote equality and inclusivity.解决基于**种姓**的歧视问题需要立法措施、教育改革和社会意识宣传活动来促进平等和包容性。
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echelon
[名词]

a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

等级, 阶层

等级, 阶层

Ex: Many young professionals aspire to climb the echelons of their respective fields to achieve greater recognition and success .许多年轻专业人士渴望攀登各自领域的**阶梯**,以获得更大的认可和成功。
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station
[名词]

a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society

等级, 社会地位

等级, 社会地位

Ex: In the novel , the protagonist struggles to transcend his lowly station and achieve his dreams .在小说中,主人公努力超越自己低微的**地位**并实现自己的梦想。
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classist
[形容词]

marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

阶级歧视的, 基于社会阶级的歧视

阶级歧视的, 基于社会阶级的歧视

Ex: Activists are working to raise awareness about classist discrimination and promote more inclusive policies.活动人士正在努力提高对**阶级主义**歧视的认识,并促进更具包容性的政策。
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humble
[形容词]

having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

谦逊的, 卑微的

谦逊的, 卑微的

Ex: Growing up in a humble household taught her the value of hard work and perseverance .在一个** humble **的家庭中长大教会了她努力工作和坚持不懈的价值。
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socioeconomic
[形容词]

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

社会经济的, 社会经济

社会经济的, 社会经济

Ex: The nonprofit organization focuses on improving socioeconomic conditions in underserved communities .该非营利组织专注于改善服务不足社区的**社会经济**条件。
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patriarchal
[形容词]

relating to a social system where men hold primary power and authority over women and families

父权的, 家长式的

父权的, 家长式的

Ex: Patriarchal attitudes perpetuate gender stereotypes and inequalities in various aspects of life .**父权制**态度在生活的各个方面延续了性别刻板印象和不平等。
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indigenous
[形容词]

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

原生的,  土著的

原生的, 土著的

Ex: Many indigenous languages are at risk of disappearing, prompting efforts to preserve and revitalize them.许多**土著**语言面临消失的风险,这促使人们努力保护和振兴它们。
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humanitarian
[形容词]

involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

人道主义的

人道主义的

Ex: Humanitarian initiatives focus on promoting human rights , alleviating poverty , and providing sustainable solutions to global challenges .**人道主义**倡议侧重于促进人权、减轻贫困以及为全球挑战提供可持续的解决方案。
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cosmopolitan
[形容词]

including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

国际化的

国际化的

Ex: The university’s cosmopolitan student body fostered an environment of global understanding.大学的**国际化**学生群体促进了全球理解的环境。
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utopian
[形容词]

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

乌托邦的, 理想主义的

乌托邦的, 理想主义的

Ex: Socialists proposed the creation of self-sufficient utopian communities where people lived and worked cooperatively .社会主义者提出了创建自给自足的**乌托邦式**社区,人们在那里合作生活和工作。
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progressive
[形容词]

advocating for social, political, or economic reform and improvement

进步的, 先进的

进步的, 先进的

Ex: The progressive movement gained momentum as more people demanded changes to outdated laws and systems .随着越来越多的人要求改变过时的法律和制度,**进步**运动势头强劲。
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militant
[形容词]

displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

好战的, 战斗的

好战的, 战斗的

Ex: His militant rhetoric inflamed tensions among the community , leading to confrontations with opposing groups .他的**激进**言辞激化了社区内的紧张局势,导致与对立团体的对抗。
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suburban
[形容词]

characteristic of or relating to a residential area outside a city or town

郊区的, 城郊的

郊区的, 城郊的

Ex: Suburban schools are known for their high-quality education programs and extracurricular activities .**郊区**学校以其高质量的教育计划和课外活动而闻名。
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to treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or of secondary or minor importance

边缘化, 忽视

边缘化, 忽视

Ex: By marginalizing diverse perspectives , we limit our ability to address complex social issues effectively .通过**边缘化**多样化的观点,我们限制了有效解决复杂社会问题的能力。
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to census
[动词]

to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

进行人口普查, 实施人口调查

进行人口普查, 实施人口调查

Ex: By the time they completed censusing the region , they had gathered comprehensive data on its population dynamics .当他们完成对该地区的**普查**时,他们已经收集了关于其人口动态的全面数据。
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to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices

同化, 融入

同化, 融入

Ex: The tourist tried to assimilate into the local customs by learning basic greetings and dining etiquette .游客试图通过学习基本的问候和餐桌礼仪来**融入**当地的风俗。
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to help someone to restore to a healthy and independent state after a period of imprisonment, addiction, illness, etc.

康复, 恢复

康复, 恢复

Ex: The program successfully rehabilitated many individuals who had struggled with substance abuse .该计划成功地**康复**了许多与药物滥用作斗争的人。
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