the policy of separating a group of people from the rest based on racial, sexual, or religious grounds and discriminating against them

隔离政策, 种族隔离
the practice of treating a person or different categories of people less fairly than others

歧视, 辨别
the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

民族, 种族性
a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

少数群体, 少数民族
the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

激进主义, 行动主义
the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

能动性, 代理权
a large group of people who are related to each other

家族, 宗族
a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

酋长制, 酋邦
a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

集体, 联合体
the statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity

人口统计特征, 人口统计
the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

城市化, 都市化
a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

文明, 社会
an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

官僚制度, 官僚体制
the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

社会化, 社会交往
any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

公民权利, 民权
the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

工业化, 产业化
people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

贵族, 上层社会
the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

基础设施, 公共设施
the understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that are different from one's own

心理理论, 心智理论
the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

公民不服从, 公民抗命
the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

非顺从, 不合群
a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

被排斥者, 被逐者
a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

难民, 避难者
a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

公社, 乡镇
a draining and stressful lifestyle that consists of constantly competing with others for success, wealth, power, etc. and so leaving no room for rest and pleasure

鼠赛, 老鼠赛跑
a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

种姓, 阶级
a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

层级, 级别
marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

阶级歧视的, 阶级主义的
referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

社会经济的, 社会经济层面的
relating to a social system where men hold primary power and authority over women and families

父权制的, 以男性为主的
relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

土著的, 原住民的
involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

人道主义的, 人道的
including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

世界性的, 国际化的
referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

乌托邦的, 理想社会的
to treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or of secondary or minor importance

边缘化, 排斥
to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

对人口进行普查, 进行人口普查
to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices

同化, 融入
to help someone to restore to a healthy and independent state after a period of imprisonment, addiction, illness, etc.

康复, 修复
