a cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell
单倍体, 单倍体细胞
在某些生物体中，如真菌，单倍体可以进行减数分裂以产生单倍体孢子。
a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli
早期生长反应, 早期生长反应因子
(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen
横膈膜, 膈肌
横膈膜的收缩使得空气在吸气时进入肺部。
a sack of tissue that is attached to the large intestine and is surgically removed if infected
阑尾, 盲肠
阑尾炎是阑尾的炎症，需要手术切除。
relating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body
肠的, 肠道的
肠道蠕动是指食物和废物通过肠道的运动，由称为蠕动的肌肉收缩调节。
the front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions
前额叶皮层, 前额叶
(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells
脾脏, 脾
脾脏还充当血小板和白细胞的储存库，根据需要将它们释放到循环中以支持免疫反应。
the hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth
珐琅质, 牙齿珐琅质
牙釉质可能会因过度刷牙、磨牙或口腔外伤而受损。
the long, curved bone that connects the shoulder blade to the sternum
锁骨, 锁骨骨
锁骨有助于稳定肩部运动。
(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations
耳蜗, 蜗管
the upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head
躯干, 上身
瑜伽教练带领全班做了一系列姿势，以加强躯干的肌肉并提高核心稳定性。
any blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart
动脉, 血管
动脉是血管，将富含氧气的血液从心脏输送到身体的各个部位。
a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around
关节, 接合处
他接受了手术来修复拇指中受损的关节，恢复了功能并缓解了疼痛。
the row of small bones that are joined together down the center of the back of the body
脊柱
在瑜伽中，许多姿势旨在提高脊柱的灵活性和力量。
(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body
道, 系统
relating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it
冠状的, 心脏的
冠状动脉支架是放置在狭窄冠状动脉中的小管，以帮助保持其开放并改善血流。
related to the thyroid gland, a small organ in the neck that produces hormones affecting metabolism and growth
甲状腺, 甲状腺的
健康饮食对维持甲状腺健康至关重要。
the bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot
距骨, 踝骨
距骨与胫骨和腓骨相接形成踝关节。
a sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed
膀胱, 尿囊
超声波显示膀胱功能正常。
relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species
生殖的
生殖健康包括避孕、计划生育和性传播感染预防等方面。
relating to any of the five senses
感觉的, 感官的
感觉统合疗法帮助自闭症谱系障碍儿童改善他们对感觉输入的反应。
relating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch
触觉的, 与触觉有关的
在寒冷的冬日里握着热茶杯的触觉体验带来了一种舒适和安逸的感觉。
(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina
视网膜的, 与视网膜有关的
related to the ability of hearing
听觉的, 与听觉有关的
听觉提示可用于帮助视障人士在环境中导航。
relating to sight or vision
光学的, 视觉的
该公司专门生产用于科学研究的高质量光学设备。
a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
染色体, 染色体元素
the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents
基因型
在选择性育种中，农民通过操纵植物的基因型，旨在生产具有特定理想性状的作物。
the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
表型, 可观察特征
遗传特征，如雀斑或酒窝，有助于个体的表型。
to receive traits or attributes from a previous generation through genetic inheritance
继承, 通过遗传获得
她从母亲那边继承了焦虑和抑郁的倾向。
to alter or change the genetic makeup of an organism through genetic engineering techniques
修改, 改变
遗传学家修改了动物细胞，以研究如何预防某些疾病。
the passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family
血统, 世系
这个家族的血统包括一长串的医生，每一代都为医学领域做出贡献。
a person from whom other offsprings are descended
祖先, 先驱
在生物学中，DNA的研究揭示了从祖先传给后代的遗传构成的线索。
(of an organism) having genetic material from another species that has been artificially introduced into its genome
转基因的, 基因改造的
a specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes
遗传学家, 遗传学专家
遗传学家与医生合作，为遗传性疾病患者开发了一种基因疗法。
the complete set of genetic material of any living thing
基因组
基因组编辑技术的进步，如CRISPR，使科学家能够精确修改生物体的遗传物质，用于研究和治疗目的。
a visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities
核型, 染色体图谱
正常的核型由特定顺序的染色体对组成。
the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods
优生学
优生学的历史包括许多侵犯人权的行为。
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
等位基因, 遗传变异体
突变可以改变等位基因，导致蛋白质结构或功能的变化。
(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents
隐性的, 隐性
(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome
显性的, 主导的
负责酒窝的显性基因出现在许多家庭成员中。
the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits
基因表达, 基因表現
与野生型相比，突变株中基因的表达显著更高。
a genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two
三体性, 染色体异常
研究人员正在研究三体对细胞功能和发育的影响。
the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division
着丝粒, 动粒
在中期，染色体排列在细胞的赤道板上，其着丝粒附着在纺锤丝上。
a DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands
回文, 回文序列
the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques
细胞遗传学, 細胞遺傳學
细胞遗传学在诊断唐氏综合症和特纳综合症等疾病方面发挥了重要作用。
any chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information
常染色体, 非性染色体
与性染色体不同，常染色体是从父母双方平等继承的。
the process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression
转染, 引入外源DNA或RNA的过程
in a manner that is related to genetics or genes
遗传上, 以遗传的方式
该研究侧重于从遗传学角度理解这种状况，研究其遗传成分。
