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Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced) - Societal Frameworks, Governance & Welfare

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Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced)
political asylum

the protection that a country grants to someone who has fled their home country because of political reasons

Ex: She sought political asylum after facing persecution in her home country. 
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labor migration

the movement of people from one area or country to another for the purpose of finding work

Ex: Labor migration from rural to urban areas has increased. 
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plea
plea
[noun]

a sincere and humble request, often made in times of need or desperation

Ex: She ignored his plea for forgiveness, unwilling to give him another chance. 
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vigilant
vigilant
[Adjective]

cautious and attentive of one's surrounding, especially to detect and respond to potential dangers or problems

Ex: The security guard remained vigilant throughout the night, monitoring the premises for any suspicious activity. 
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affordable housing

residential units that are reasonably priced and accessible to people with low to moderate incomes

Ex: The city council approved a new affordable housing project near downtown. 
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measure
measure
[noun]

any action or maneuver taken as part of a plan or strategy to achieve a specific goal or progress toward an objective

Ex: Implementing stricter security protocols was a necessary measure to protect the company's data. 
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to permit
to permit
[Verb]

to officially authorize or grant permission for something to occur or be done

Ex: The city council decided to permit the construction of a new shopping mall in the downtown area. 
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draconian measure

an extremely severe action, policy, or rule, seen as excessive or unjust

Ex: Critics called the new law a draconian measure. 
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charitable
charitable
[Adjective]

willing to give money, time, or resources to help others, especially those less fortunate

Ex: The woman was so charitable she gave away half her salary to local shelters. 
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alleviation

the process or action of making something distressing less severe or intense

Ex: The doctor prescribed medication for the alleviation of chronic back pain. 
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asylum seeker

a person who has fled their home country due to fear of persecution, based on race, religion, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group, and is seeking international protection in another country

Ex: The asylum seeker arrived at the border and requested protection from political violence. 
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legislation

a formal rule or collection of rules enacted by a governing authority

Ex: The new environmental legislation limits carbon emissions from factories. 
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status quo

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

Ex: The committee decided to maintain the status quo rather than implementing new changes. 
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to do away with

to stop using or having something

Ex: In an effort to reduce waste, the company decided to do away with single-use plastic in its packaging. 
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standard of living

the level of wealth, welfare, comfort, and necessities available to an individual, group, country, etc.

Ex: Improved infrastructure and healthcare services have contributed to a higher standard of living in urban areas. 
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globalization

the fact that the cultures and economic systems around the world are becoming connected and similar as a result of improvement in communications and development of multinational corporations

Ex: Globalization has led to an increase in international trade and economic cooperation. 
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to lay down

to officially state that something, such as a principle or rule must be obeyed

Ex: The judge laid the law down to the defendant, warning him of the consequences of his actions. 
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policy maker

someone who makes decisions about the policies that a government or organization follows

Ex: As a policy maker, she played a crucial role in shaping the new education reforms. 
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to regulate

to control or adjust something in a way that agrees with rules and regulations

Ex: The government agency works to regulate environmental policies to protect natural resources. 
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provision
provision
[noun]

the act of making something available, especially necessities or services

Ex: The provision of clean water is essential for public health. 
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revolution

the fundamental change of power, government, etc. in a country by people, particularly involving violence

Ex: The revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. 
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social fabric

the underlying structure of relationships, values, and institutions that hold a society together

Ex: Poverty and inequality can tear at the social fabric. 
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establishment

the group of people or departments responsible for managing or governing an organization or system

Ex: The political establishment opposed the reform bill. 
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advocate
advocate
[noun]

someone who actively supports, promotes, or defends a particular cause or viewpoint, often through public speaking, writing, or activism

Ex: She's a passionate advocate for environmental sustainability. 
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alliance
alliance
[noun]

a formal agreement or treaty establishing cooperation between nations or groups for shared objectives

Ex: The military alliance between the two countries was formed to enhance mutual defense capabilities. 
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constraint

something that limits or restricts actions, choices, or development

Ex: Time is a major constraint in completing the project. 
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commuter
commuter
[noun]

a person who regularly travels to city for work

Ex: The train is always packed with commuters during rush hour. 
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occupancy
occupancy
[noun]

the action of entering, settling into, or claiming control over a building or space, often for residence, use, or ownership

Ex: The occupancy of the abandoned warehouse was deemed illegal by city officials. 
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amenity
amenity
[noun]

a feature or service that adds comfort or value to a place

Ex: The apartment complex offers amenities such as a gym, pool, and rooftop lounge. 
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housing
housing
[noun]

buildings in which people live, including their condition, prices, or types

Ex: The government is working on affordable housing. 
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infrastructure

the physical and organizational assets, such as roads, bridges, utilities, and public services, that support economic activity and daily life

Ex: The government invested billions in rebuilding the nation's aging infrastructure. 
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megacity
megacity
[noun]

a very large city with a population of more than 10 million people

Ex: Tokyo is one of the largest megacities in the world. 
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alleyway
alleyway
[noun]

a narrow passage between or behind buildings, typically used for access, deliveries, or shortcuts

Ex: She slipped through the alleyway to avoid the crowded sidewalk. 
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voluntary
voluntary
[Adjective]

working without pay

Ex: He participated in a voluntary program to help teach children in underserved communities. 
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