كتاب Solutions - ما قبل المتوسط - الوحدة 4 - 4E

a channel or passage that lets the smoke from a fire pass through and get out from the roof of a building

مدخنة

a building or set of buildings in which products are made, particularly using machines

مصنع, معمل

a change in water, air, etc. that makes it harmful or dangerous

تلوث, تغيير ضار

a cloud of chemicals produced by burning something

دخان, سحابة من الدخان

to take air into one's lungs and let it out again

يتنفس, يستنشق

to damage the environment by releasing harmful chemicals or substances to the air, water, or land

تلوث, إفساد

to transfer a liquid from one container to another

صبّ, نقل

to choose to continue an ongoing activity

واصل, استمر

to cause a person to dislike someone or something

يُنفر, يُزْعِج

to emerge to the visible or accessible level of water

يظهر, يطفو

to stop trying when faced with failures or difficulties

استسلم, تنازل

to cut through something at its base in order to make it fall

قطع, تقطيع

to take care of someone or something and attend to their needs, well-being, or safety

يعتني ب, يتولى رعاية

to make something warm or hot

تسخين, تحمية

(of a business, shop, company, etc.) to no longer be open or operating, particularly permanently

يغلق, يوقف النشاط

to entirely consume a resource, leaving none remaining

استنفاد, استهلاك بالكامل

to completely disappear or cease to exist

ينقرض, يختفي

a permanent change in global or regional climate patterns, including temperature, wind, and rainfall

تغير المناخ

to do something in response to a particular situation, often to address a problem or achieve a goal

a fuel that is found in nature and obtained from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago, such as coal and gas

وقود أحفوري, مركب fossil

the increase in the average temperature of the Earth as a result of the greenhouse effect

الاحتباس الحراري, زيادة درجة حرارة الأرض

any type of gas, particularly carbon dioxide, that contributes to global warming by trapping heat

غازات الاحتباس الحراري, غازات الدفء

the thick coating of ice that covers a large area, mostly in polar regions

غطاء جليدي, قبعة جليدية

‌a thick, tropical forest with tall trees and consistently heavy rainfall

غابة مطيرة, غابة استوائية

a type of energy derived from natural sources that can be replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and water

الطاقة المتجددة

the average height of the surface of the ocean in relation to the land, measured over a specific period of time

مستوى سطح البحر, ارتفاع سطح البحر

the average temperature of the Earth's land and ocean surfaces measured across the globe

درجة حرارة السطح العالمية, درجة الحرارة العالمية لسطح الأرض