Kosakata Lanjutan untuk TOEFL - Aku berpikir, maka aku ada!

Di sini Anda akan mempelajari beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris tentang pemikiran, seperti "etika", "nihilisme", "keberadaan", dll., yang dibutuhkan untuk ujian TOEFL.

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ethics

[Kata benda]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etika

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epistemology

[Kata benda]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologi, teori pengetahuan

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge and epistemology.Makalahnya tentang reformasi pendidikan tidak hanya membahas kebijakan tetapi juga masalah mendasar dalam filsafat pengetahuan dan **epistemologi**.

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humanism

[Kata benda]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanisme, paham kemanusiaan

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metaphysics

[Kata benda]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafisika, filsafat pertama

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.Banyak filsuf kuno, seperti Plato dan Aristoteles, memberikan kontribusi signifikan di bidang **metafisika**.

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ontology

[Kata benda]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologi

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Dalam filsafat kontemporer, **ontologi** beririsan dengan disiplin ilmu lain seperti logika, metafisika, dan epistemologi, membentuk pemahaman kita tentang struktur dasar realitas.

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determinism

[Kata benda]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinisme, fatalisme

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hedonism

[Kata benda]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

hedonisme

Ex: Critics of hedonism argue that an excessive focus on pleasure can lead to selfishness and a neglect of responsibilities and long-term goals .Para kritikus **hedonisme** berpendapat bahwa fokus yang berlebihan pada kesenangan dapat menyebabkan keegoisan dan pengabaian tanggung jawab serta tujuan jangka panjang.

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idealism

[Kata benda]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealisme, keyakinan pada primasi ide

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empiricism

[Kata benda]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirisme, eksperimentalisme

Ex: Critics of empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .Para kritikus **empirisme** berpendapat bahwa hal itu mungkin mengabaikan pentingnya pengetahuan a priori dan struktur bawaan pikiran yang memengaruhi cara kita mempersepsikan dan menafsirkan pengalaman.

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existentialism

[Kata benda]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

eksistensialisme

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materialism

[Kata benda]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialisme, filsafat materialistis

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nihilism

[Kata benda]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilisme, penolakan

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .Meskipun **nihilisme** sering dikaitkan dengan keputusasaan dan pesimisme, beberapa filsuf memandangnya sebagai filosofi yang membebaskan yang membebaskan individu dari belenggu moralitas dan ideologi konvensional.

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positivism

[Kata benda]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivisme

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pragmatism

[Kata benda]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatisme, filsafat pragmatis

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Debat di antara para filsuf mengenai keunggulan idealisme versus **pragmatisme** memiliki akar yang dalam dalam sejarah pemikiran filosofis.

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rationalism

[Kata benda]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rasionalisme, aliran rasional

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scholasticism

[Kata benda]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

skolastisisme, filsafat skolastik

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skepticism

[Kata benda]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

skeptisisme

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stoicism

[Kata benda]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoikisme, filsafat stoik

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Dengan belajar membedakan apa yang ada dan tidak ada dalam kendali kita, **stoikisme** menyediakan alat untuk ketenangan batin.

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subjectivism

[Kata benda]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivisme, doktrin subjektivisme

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Perdebatan antara objektivisme dan **subjektivisme** dalam filsafat berkisar pada apakah klaim moral dan epistemologis dapat didasarkan pada realitas objektif atau secara inheren subjektif.

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utilitarianism

[Kata benda]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarianisme, doktrin utilitas

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**Utilitarianisme** sering diterapkan dalam bidang-bidang seperti kebijakan publik, ekonomi, dan etika, di mana keputusan dibuat dengan tujuan memaksimalkan kesejahteraan sosial atau utilitas.

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phenomenology

[Kata benda]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologi, studi tentang fenomena

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alienation

[Kata benda]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

alienasi, isolasi

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt increasing alienation from management .Dengan diperkenalkannya kebijakan baru, karyawan merasakan **keterasingan** yang semakin besar dari manajemen.

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a priori

[Adjektiva]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

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a posteriori

[Adjektiva]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

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being

[Kata benda]

the state of existing

keberadaan, wujud

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.Karya seniman mencerminkan eksplorasi mendalam tentang **keberadaan** manusia dan kompleksitas kehidupan.

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nothingness

[Kata benda]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

ketiadaan, kekosongan

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consciousness

[Kata benda]

the state of being sensible and aware

kesadaran, kewaspadaan

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dogma

[Kata benda]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogma, keyakinan

Ex: The cult 's dogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .**Dogma** kultus mengharuskan pengikut untuk mematuhi seperangkat aturan yang kaku dan tidak dapat dipertanyakan.

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logic

[Kata benda]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logika

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .

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virtue

[Kata benda]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

kebajikan, sifat

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a key virtue.Banyak budaya mengajarkan bahwa kerendahan hati adalah **kebajikan** utama.

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aesthetics

[Kata benda]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetika

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wisdom

[Kata benda]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

kebijaksanaan

Ex: Many cultures value wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .Banyak budaya menghargai **kebijaksanaan** sebagai kebajikan utama, percaya bahwa pengalaman dan pengetahuan mengarah pada pilihan yang lebih baik dalam hidup.

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sophist

[Kata benda]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofis, guru filsafat dan retorika di Yunani kuno dengan sikap skeptis

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