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Zaawansowane Słownictwo do TOEFL - Myślę, Więc Jestem!

Tutaj nauczysz się niektórych angielskich słów dotyczących myślenia, takich jak "etyka", "nihilizm", "bycie" itp., które są potrzebne do egzaminu TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etyka

etyka

epistemology
epistemology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

epistemologia, teoria poznania

epistemologia, teoria poznania

Ex: Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty. 
humanism
humanism
[Rzeczownik]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanizm, ludzkość

humanizm, ludzkość

metaphysics
metaphysics
[Rzeczownik]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafizyka, filozofia pierwsza

metafizyka, filozofia pierwsza

Ex: The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics. 
ontology
ontology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologia

ontologia

Ex: Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality. 
determinism
determinism
[Rzeczownik]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinizm, fatalizm

determinizm, fatalizm

hedonism
hedonism
[Rzeczownik]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

hedonizm, hedonizm

hedonizm, hedonizm

Ex: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus developed theories of hedonism. 
idealism
idealism
[Rzeczownik]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealizm, wiara w prymat idei

idealizm, wiara w prymat idei

empiricism
empiricism
[Rzeczownik]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

empiryzm, empiryzm

empiryzm, empiryzm

Ex: John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism. 
existentialism
existentialism
[Rzeczownik]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

egzystencjalizm

egzystencjalizm

materialism
materialism
[Rzeczownik]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materializm, filozofia materialistyczna

materializm, filozofia materialistyczna

nihilism
nihilism
[Rzeczownik]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilizm, nihilizm

nihilizm, nihilizm

Ex: Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments. 
positivism
positivism
[Rzeczownik]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

pozytywizm

pozytywizm

pragmatism
pragmatism
[Rzeczownik]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatyzm, filozofia pragmatyczna

pragmatyzm, filozofia pragmatyczna

Ex: Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations. 
rationalism
rationalism
[Rzeczownik]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

racjonalizm, rozumowość

racjonalizm, rozumowość

scholasticism
scholasticism
[Rzeczownik]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

scholastyka, filozofia scholastyczna

scholastyka, filozofia scholastyczna

skepticism
skepticism
[Rzeczownik]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

sceptycyzm

sceptycyzm

stoicism
stoicism
[Rzeczownik]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicyzm, filozofia stoicka

stoicyzm, filozofia stoicka

Ex: Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate. 
subjectivism
subjectivism
[Rzeczownik]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subiektywizm, doktryna subiektywizmu

subiektywizm, doktryna subiektywizmu

Ex: Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards. 
utilitarianism
utilitarianism
[Rzeczownik]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utylitaryzm, doktryna użyteczności

utylitaryzm, doktryna użyteczności

Ex: Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle. 
phenomenology
phenomenology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologia, badanie zjawisk

fenomenologia, badanie zjawisk

alienation
alienation
[Rzeczownik]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

alienacja, izolacja

alienacja, izolacja

Ex: The constant moving left her with a deep sense of alienation from her peers. 
a priori
a priori
[przymiotnik]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

a posteriori
a posteriori
[przymiotnik]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
being
[Rzeczownik]

the state of existing

bycie, istnienie

bycie, istnienie

Ex: The philosophy class explored the concept of being and what it means to truly exist. 
nothingness
nothingness
[Rzeczownik]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

nicość, pustka

nicość, pustka

consciousness
consciousness
[Rzeczownik]

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

świadomość, postrzeganie

świadomość, postrzeganie

Ex: His political consciousness influenced his voting choices. 
dogma
dogma
[Rzeczownik]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogmat, wiara

dogmat, wiara

Ex: The church's dogma was strictly enforced, leaving no room for dissenting opinions. 
logic
logic
[Rzeczownik]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logika

logika

Ex: When faced with a difficult decision, she always relied on logic rather than letting her emotions take over. 
virtue
virtue
[Rzeczownik]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

cnota, cecha

cnota, cecha

Ex: Patience is often seen as a great virtue. 
aesthetics
aesthetics
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetyka

estetyka

wisdom
wisdom
[Rzeczownik]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

mądrość

mądrość

Ex: The wisdom of the elderly woman was evident in the way she calmly solved problems that others found overwhelming. 
sophist
sophist
[Rzeczownik]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofista, nauczyciel filozofii i retoryki w starożytnej Grecji o sceptycznym nastawieniu

sofista, nauczyciel filozofii i retoryki w starożytnej Grecji o sceptycznym nastawieniu

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