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TOEFL のための上級語彙 - 私は考える、ゆえに私は存在する！
TOEFL試験に必要な「倫理」「ニヒリズム」「存在」などの思考に関する英単語を学びます。
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the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied
認識論, 知識論
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
ヒューマニズム, 人間主義
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
形而上学 (けいじじょうがく), メタフィジックス
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
存在論, 本体論
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
決定論 (けっていろん), 決定主義 (けっていしゅぎ)
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
快楽主義 (かいらくしゅぎ), 享楽主義 (きょうらくしゅぎ)
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
観念論 (かんねんろん), 理想主義 (りそうしゅぎ)
a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience
経験主義 (けいけんしゅぎ), 経験論 (けいけんろん)
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
実存主義, エクシステンシャリズム
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
唯物論 (ゆいぶつろん), 物質主義 (ぶっしつしゅぎ)
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
虚無主義 (きょむしゅぎ), ニヒリズム
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
実証主義 (じっしょうしゅぎ), ポジティビズム
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
プラグマティズム, 実用主義
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
合理主義, 論理主義
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
スコラ哲学, スコラ主義
the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable
懐疑主義 (かいぎしゅぎ), 懐疑論 (かいぎろん)
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
ストイシズム, ストイック主義
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
主観主義, 主観的立場
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
功利主義, ユーティリタリアニズム
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
現象学, 現象論
the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
孤立感 (こりつかん), 疎外感 (そがいかん)
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
先験的な, 前提的な
using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something
事後的, 経験的
the state of existing
存在, 実在
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
教義 (きょうぎ), ドグマ
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
論理（ろんり）, 理論（りろん）
a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person
the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art
美学 (びがく), エステティクス
the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments
知恵（ちえ）, 賢明さ（けんめいさ）
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