TOEFL のための上級語彙 - 私は考える、ゆえに私は存在する！

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

倫理

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

認識論

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

ヒューマニズム

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

形而上学

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

存在論

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

決定論

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

快楽主義

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

理想主義, イデアリズム

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

経験主義

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

実存主義

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

唯物論

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

ニヒリズム

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

ポジティヴィズム

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

プラグマティズム

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

合理主義

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

スコラ哲学, スコラ主義

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

懐疑主義

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

ストイック哲学

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

主観主義, 主観性

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

功利主義

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

現象学

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

疎外感, 異質感

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

アプリオリ, 事前

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

ア・ポステリオリ, 経験的

the state of existing

存在, 有存在

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

無, 無常

the state of being sensible and aware

意識, 認識

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

ドグマ

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

論理, 理性

attitudes or manners exhibiting high moral standards

美徳, 道徳

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

美学

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

知恵

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

ソフィスト, 哲学者