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TOEFL için Gelişmiş Kelime Bilgisi - Düşünüyorum, Öyleyse Varım!

Burada, TOEFL sınavı için gerekli olan "etik", "nihilizm", "varlık" gibi düşünce ile ilgili bazı İngilizce kelimeleri öğreneceksiniz.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[isim]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

ahlak bilimi

ahlak bilimi

epistemology

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

epistemoloji

epistemoloji

Ex: Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty. 
humanism
humanism
[isim]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

hümanizm, insancıllık

hümanizm, insancıllık

metaphysics

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafizik

metafizik

Ex: The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics. 
ontology
ontology
[isim]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontoloji, varlıkbilim

ontoloji, varlıkbilim

Ex: Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality. 
determinism

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

gerekircilik

gerekircilik

hedonism
hedonism
[isim]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

hazcılık

hazcılık

Ex: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus developed theories of hedonism. 
idealism
idealism
[isim]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealizm

idealizm

empiricism

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

deneycilik

deneycilik

Ex: John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism. 
existentialism

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

varoluşçuluk

varoluşçuluk

materialism

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materyalizm

materyalizm

nihilism
nihilism
[isim]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilizm

nihilizm

Ex: Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments. 
positivism

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

olguculuk

olguculuk

pragmatism

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatizm

pragmatizm

Ex: Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations. 
rationalism

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

akılcılık

akılcılık

scholasticism

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

skolastik felsefe

skolastik felsefe

skepticism

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

kuşkuculuk

kuşkuculuk

stoicism
stoicism
[isim]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoik felsefe

stoik felsefe

Ex: Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate. 
subjectivism

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

sübjektivizm

sübjektivizm

Ex: Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards. 
utilitarianism

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

menfaatçılık

menfaatçılık

Ex: Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle. 
phenomenology

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenoloji

fenomenoloji

alienation

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

yabancılaşma

yabancılaşma

Ex: The constant moving left her with a deep sense of alienation from her peers. 
a priori
a priori
[sıfat]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

öncüllerden sonuç olunan

öncüllerden sonuç olunan

a posteriori
a posteriori
[sıfat]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
being
[isim]

the state of existing

varlık

varlık

Ex: The philosophy class explored the concept of being and what it means to truly exist. 
nothingness

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

hiçlik

hiçlik

consciousness

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

fikirler ve görüşler

fikirler ve görüşler

Ex: His political consciousness influenced his voting choices. 
dogma
dogma
[isim]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogma

dogma

Ex: The church's dogma was strictly enforced, leaving no room for dissenting opinions. 
logic
logic
[isim]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

mantık

mantık

Ex: When faced with a difficult decision, she always relied on logic rather than letting her emotions take over. 
virtue
virtue
[isim]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

erdem

erdem

Ex: Patience is often seen as a great virtue. 
aesthetics

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetik ilmi

estetik ilmi

wisdom
wisdom
[isim]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

akıllılık

akıllılık

Ex: The wisdom of the elderly woman was evident in the way she calmly solved problems that others found overwhelming. 
sophist
sophist
[isim]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofist

sofist

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