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TOEFL için Gelişmiş Kelime Bilgisi - Düşünüyorum, öyleyse varım!

Burada, TOEFL sınavı için gerekli olan "etik", "nihilizm", "varlık" gibi düşünce ile ilgili bazı İngilizce kelimeleri öğreneceksiniz.

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Öğrenmeye başla
Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[isim]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

ahlak bilimi

ahlak bilimi

epistemology

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

epistemoloji

epistemoloji

Ex: Epistemology examines the difference between opinion and knowledge .
humanism
humanism
[isim]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

hümanizm, insancıllık

hümanizm, insancıllık

metaphysics

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafizik

metafizik

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.Platon ve Aristoteles gibi birçok eski filozof, **metafizik** alanına önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur.
ontology
ontology
[isim]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontoloji, varlıkbilim

ontoloji, varlıkbilim

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Çağdaş felsefede, **ontoloji**, mantık, metafizik ve epistemoloji gibi diğer disiplinlerle kesişir, gerçekliğin temel yapısına dair anlayışımızı şekillendirir.
determinism

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

gerekircilik

gerekircilik

hedonism
hedonism
[isim]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

hazcılık

hazcılık

Ex: The debate compared utilitarianism and hedonism as moral systems .
idealism
idealism
[isim]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealizm

idealizm

empiricism

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

deneycilik

deneycilik

Ex: She studied empiricism to understand the roots of modern science .
existentialism

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

varoluşçuluk

varoluşçuluk

materialism

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materyalizm

materyalizm

nihilism
nihilism
[isim]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilizm

nihilizm

Ex: Writers in the 19th century explored nihilism in Russian society .
positivism

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

olguculuk

olguculuk

pragmatism

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatizm

pragmatizm

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Filozoflar arasında idealizm ile **pragmatizm** arasındaki erdemler hakkındaki tartışmalar, felsefi düşünce tarihinde derin köklere sahiptir.
rationalism

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

akılcılık

akılcılık

scholasticism

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

skolastik felsefe

skolastik felsefe

skepticism

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

kuşkuculuk

kuşkuculuk

stoicism
stoicism
[isim]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoik felsefe

stoik felsefe

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Kontrolümüz altında olan ve olmayan şeyleri ayırt etmeyi öğrenerek, **stoacılık** iç huzur için araçlar sağlar.
subjectivism

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

sübjektivizm

sübjektivizm

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Felsefede objektivizm ve **subjektivizm** arasındaki tartışma, ahlaki ve epistemolojik iddiaların nesnel bir gerçekliğe dayandırılıp dayandırılamayacağı veya doğası gereği öznel olup olmadığı etrafında döner.
utilitarianism

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

menfaatçılık

menfaatçılık

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**Faydacılık**, kamu politikası, ekonomi ve etik gibi alanlarda sıklıkla uygulanır; bu alanlarda kararlar, sosyal refahı veya faydayı maksimize etme amacıyla alınır.
phenomenology

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenoloji

fenomenoloji

alienation

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

yabancılaşma

yabancılaşma

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt increasing alienation from management .Yeni politikalar tanıtıldıkça, çalışanlar yönetimden artan bir **yabancılaşma** hissettiler.
a priori
a priori
[sıfat]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

öncüllerden sonuç olunan

öncüllerden sonuç olunan

a posteriori
a posteriori
[sıfat]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
being
[isim]

the state of existing

varlık

varlık

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.Sanatçının çalışması, insan **varlığının** ve yaşamın karmaşıklıklarının derinlemesine bir keşfini yansıtıyor.
nothingness

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

hiçlik

hiçlik

consciousness

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

fikirler ve görüşler

fikirler ve görüşler

Ex: His consciousness of personal responsibility guided his actions .
dogma
dogma
[isim]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogma

dogma

Ex: The cult 's dogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .Tarikatın **dogması**, takipçilerin katı ve sorgulanamaz kurallar dizisine uymasını gerektiriyordu.
logic
logic
[isim]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

mantık

mantık

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .Ebeveynler genellikle çocuklarına, daha net bir yargı için duyguları bir kenara bırakarak sorunlara **mantık** ile yaklaşmalarını tavsiye eder.
virtue
virtue
[isim]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

erdem

erdem

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a key virtue.Birçok kültür, alçakgönüllülüğün temel bir **erdem** olduğunu öğretir.
aesthetics

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetik ilmi

estetik ilmi

wisdom
wisdom
[isim]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

akıllılık

akıllılık

Ex: Many cultures value wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .Birçok kültür, deneyim ve bilginin hayatta daha iyi seçimlere yol açtığına inanarak **bilgeliği** önemli bir erdem olarak değerlendirir.
sophist
sophist
[isim]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofist

sofist

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