Розширений Словниковий Запас для TOEFL - Я думаю, отже, я існую!
Тут ви дізнаєтеся деякі англійські слова про мислення, такі як "етика", "нігілізм", "буття" тощо, які необхідні для іспиту TOEFL.
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the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

гуманізм, людяність
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

метафізика, перша філософія
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

онтологія
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

детермінізм, фаталізм
an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

ідеалізм, віра в першість ідей
(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

екзистенціалізм
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

матеріалізм, філософія матеріалізму
the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

позитивізм
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

прагматизм, прагматична філософія
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

раціоналізм, раціональність
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

схоластика, схоластична філософія
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

стоїцизм, стоїчна філософія
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

суб'єктивізм, доктрина суб'єктивізму
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

утилітаризм, доктрина корисності
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

феноменологія, вивчення явищ
the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

відчуження, ізоляція
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

апріорі
using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

апостеріорний
the state of existing

буття, існування
a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

догма, вірування
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

логіка
a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

доброчесність, якість
the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

мудрість
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