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Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Je Pense, Donc Je Suis !

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la pensée, tels que "éthique", "nihilisme", "être", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
[nom]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

morales

morales

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

épistémologie

épistémologie

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge and epistemology.Son article sur la réforme de l'éducation abordait non seulement les politiques mais aussi les problèmes sous-jacents dans la philosophie de la connaissance et l'**épistémologie**.

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanisme

humanisme

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

métaphysique

métaphysique

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.De nombreux philosophes anciens, comme Platon et Aristote, ont apporté des contributions significatives au domaine de la **métaphysique**.

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologie

ontologie

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Dans la philosophie contemporaine, **l'ontologie** croise d'autres disciplines comme la logique, la métaphysique et l'épistémologie, façonnant notre compréhension de la structure fondamentale de la réalité.

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

déterminisme

déterminisme

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

hédonisme

hédonisme

Ex: Critics of hedonism argue that an excessive focus on pleasure can lead to selfishness and a neglect of responsibilities and long-term goals .Les critiques de **l'hédonisme** soutiennent qu'une focalisation excessive sur le plaisir peut conduire à l'égoïsme et à une négligence des responsabilités et des objectifs à long terme.

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idéalisme

idéalisme

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirisme

empirisme

Ex: Critics of empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .Les critiques de l'**empirisme** soutiennent qu'il peut négliger l'importance des connaissances a priori et des structures inhérentes de l'esprit qui influencent la façon dont nous percevons et interprétons les expériences.

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existentialisme

existentialisme

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

matérialisme

matérialisme

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilisme

nihilisme

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .Alors que le **nihilisme** est souvent associé au désespoir et au pessimisme, certains philosophes le considèrent comme une philosophie libératrice qui affranchit les individus des contraintes de la morale et de l'idéologie conventionnelles.

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivisme

positivisme

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatisme

pragmatisme

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Les débats parmi les philosophes concernant les mérites de l'idéalisme par rapport au **pragmatisme** ont des racines profondes dans l'histoire de la pensée philosophique.

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rationalisme

rationalisme

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

scolastique

scolastique

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

scepticisme

scepticisme

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoïcisme

stoïcisme

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .En apprenant à distinguer ce qui est et ce qui n'est pas sous notre contrôle, le **stoïcisme** fournit des outils pour la paix intérieure.

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjectivisme

subjectivisme

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Le débat entre l'objectivisme et le **subjectivisme** en philosophie tourne autour de la question de savoir si les affirmations morales et épistémologiques peuvent être fondées dans une réalité objective ou sont intrinsèquement subjectives.

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarisme

utilitarisme

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .L'**utilitarisme** est souvent appliqué dans des domaines tels que les politiques publiques, l'économie et l'éthique, où les décisions sont prises dans le but de maximiser le bien-être social ou l'utilité.

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

phénoménologie

phénoménologie

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

aliénation

aliénation

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt increasing alienation from management .Alors que de nouvelles politiques étaient introduites, les employés ressentaient une **aliénation** croissante de la part de la direction.
a priori
[Adjectif]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

a posteriori
[Adjectif]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
[nom]

the state of existing

être

être

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.Le travail de l'artiste reflète une exploration profonde de l'**être** humain et des complexités de la vie.

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

néant

néant

the state of being sensible and aware

connaissance

connaissance

dogma
[nom]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogme

dogme

Ex: The cult 's dogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .Le **dogme** de la secte exigeait que les adeptes adhèrent à un ensemble de règles rigides et incontestables.
logic
[nom]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logique

logique

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .
virtue
[nom]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

vertu

vertu

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a key virtue.De nombreuses cultures enseignent que l'humilité est une **vertu** clé.

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

esthétique

esthétique

wisdom
[nom]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

sagesse

sagesse

Ex: Many cultures value wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .De nombreuses cultures valorisent la **sagesse** comme une vertu clé, croyant que l'expérience et la connaissance conduisent à de meilleurs choix dans la vie.
sophist
[nom]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sophiste

sophiste

Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL
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