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Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Je Pense, Donc Je Suis !

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la pensée, tels que "éthique", "nihilisme", "être", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[nom]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

morales

morales

epistemology

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

épistémologie

épistémologie

Ex: The course explored classical and contemporary theories in epistemology. 

Le cours a exploré les théories classiques et contemporaines en épistémologie.

humanism

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanisme

humanisme

metaphysics

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

métaphysique

métaphysique

Ex: Many ancient philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics. 

De nombreux philosophes anciens, comme Platon et Aristote, ont apporté des contributions significatives au domaine de la métaphysique.

ontology

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologie

ontologie

Ex: In ontology, philosophers inquire into the nature of being, distinguishing between different categories of existence and examining the properties of entities. 

En ontologie, les philosophes étudient la nature de l'être, distinguant entre différentes catégories d'existence et examinant les propriétés des entités.

determinism

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

déterminisme

déterminisme

hedonism

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

hédonisme

hédonisme

Ex: In ethical hedonism, pleasure is viewed as the ultimate moral value. 

Dans l'hédonisme éthique, le plaisir est considéré comme la valeur morale ultime.

idealism

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idéalisme

idéalisme

empiricism

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

empirisme

empirisme

Ex: Empiricism emphasizes observation over speculation. 

L'empirisme met l'accent sur l'observation plutôt que sur la spéculation.

existentialism

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existentialisme

existentialisme

materialism

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

matérialisme

matérialisme

nihilism

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilisme

nihilisme

Ex: He expressed nihilism toward social conventions and norms. 

Il a exprimé un nihilisme envers les conventions et normes sociales.

positivism

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivisme

positivisme

pragmatism

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatisme

pragmatisme

Ex: The core tenet of philosophical pragmatism is that the value of a concept lies in its ability to solve real-world problems and contribute to practical success. 

Le principe fondamental du pragmatisme philosophique est que la valeur d'un concept réside dans sa capacité à résoudre des problèmes du monde réel et à contribuer au succès pratique.

rationalism

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rationalisme

rationalisme

scholasticism

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

scolastique

scolastique

skepticism

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

scepticisme

scepticisme

stoicism

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoïcisme

stoïcisme

Ex: Her dissertation analyzed how stoicism influenced prominent historical figures from Washington to Mandela. 

Sa thèse a analysé comment le stoïcisme a influencé des figures historiques éminentes, de Washington à Mandela.

subjectivism

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjectivisme

subjectivisme

Ex: In ethical subjectivism, moral judgments are based on personal feelings and opinions rather than objective criteria or external truths. 

Dans le subjectivisme éthique, les jugements moraux sont basés sur des sentiments et des opinions personnels plutôt que sur des critères objectifs ou des vérités externes.

utilitarianism

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarisme

utilitarisme

Ex: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are among the most influential proponents of utilitarianism, advocating for a moral calculus based on the principle of utility. 

Jeremy Bentham et John Stuart Mill sont parmi les partisans les plus influents de l'utilitarisme, prônant un calcul moral basé sur le principe d'utilité.

phenomenology

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

phénoménologie

phénoménologie

alienation

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

aliénation

aliénation

Ex: Cultural differences can sometimes lead to feelings of alienation among immigrants. 

Les différences culturelles peuvent parfois conduire à des sentiments d'aliénation parmi les immigrants.

a priori
a priori
[Adjectif]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

a posteriori
a posteriori
[Adjectif]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
being
[nom]

the state of existing

être

être

Ex: Many people find comfort in meditation, as it helps them focus on their state of being. 

Beaucoup de gens trouvent du réconfort dans la méditation, car cela les aide à se concentrer sur leur état d'être.

nothingness

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

néant

néant

consciousness

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

conscience

conscience

Ex: She demonstrated a feminist consciousness in her writing. 

Elle a démontré une conscience féministe dans ses écrits.

dogma
dogma
[nom]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogme

dogme

Ex: She questioned the dogma of the organization, seeking evidence rather than blind acceptance. 

Elle a remis en question le dogme de l'organisation, cherchant des preuves plutôt qu'une acceptation aveugle.

logic
logic
[nom]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logique

logique

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment. 

Les parents conseillent souvent à leurs enfants d'aborder les problèmes avec logique, en mettant de côté les émotions pour un jugement plus clair.

virtue
virtue
[nom]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

vertu

vertu

Ex: She admired his honesty and other virtues. 

Elle admirait son honnêteté et ses autres vertus.

aesthetics

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

esthétique

esthétique

wisdom
wisdom
[nom]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

sagesse

sagesse

Ex: He sought the wisdom of his mentor before making such an important career decision. 

Il a cherché la sagesse de son mentor avant de prendre une décision de carrière aussi importante.

sophist
sophist
[nom]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sophiste

sophiste

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