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Vocabulario Avanzado para el TOEFL - ¡Pienso, Luego Existo!

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés sobre el pensamiento, como "ethics", "nihilism", "being", etc. que se necesitan para el examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[Sustantivo]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

ética

ética

epistemology
epistemology
[Sustantivo]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

epistemología

epistemología

Ex: Skepticism is a central topic in epistemology. 

El escepticismo es un tema central en la epistemología.

humanism
humanism
[Sustantivo]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanismo

humanismo

metaphysics
metaphysics
[Sustantivo]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafísica

metafísica

Ex: The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics. 

El concepto del alma se explora a menudo dentro del ámbito de la metafísica.

ontology
ontology
[Sustantivo]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontología

ontología

Ex: Ontology seeks to uncover the ultimate nature of reality, addressing questions about the nature of existence, identity, and change. 

La ontología busca descubrir la naturaleza última de la realidad, abordando preguntas sobre la naturaleza de la existencia, la identidad y el cambio.

determinism
determinism
[Sustantivo]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinismo

determinismo

hedonism
hedonism
[Sustantivo]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

hedonismo

hedonismo

Ex: Critics argue that hedonism overlooks duty and self-discipline. 

Los críticos argumentan que el hedonismo pasa por alto el deber y la autodisciplina.

idealism
idealism
[Sustantivo]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealismo

idealismo

empiricism
empiricism
[Sustantivo]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

empirismo

empirismo

Ex: The theory reflects empiricism in its insistence on evidence from experience. 

La teoría refleja el empirismo en su insistencia en la evidencia proveniente de la experiencia.

existentialism
existentialism
[Sustantivo]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existencialismo

existencialismo

materialism
materialism
[Sustantivo]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialismo

materialismo

nihilism
nihilism
[Sustantivo]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilismo

nihilismo

Ex: Some philosophers critique nihilism for undermining moral frameworks. 

Algunos filósofos critican el nihilismo por socavar los marcos morales.

positivism
positivism
[Sustantivo]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivismo

positivismo

pragmatism
pragmatism
[Sustantivo]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismo

pragmatismo

Ex: According to the principles of philosophical pragmatism, truth is not an abstract concept but is defined by its utility and effectiveness in achieving practical goals. 

Según los principios del pragmatismo filosófico, la verdad no es un concepto abstracto, sino que se define por su utilidad y efectividad para lograr objetivos prácticos.

rationalism
rationalism
[Sustantivo]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

racionalismo

racionalismo

scholasticism
scholasticism
[Sustantivo]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

escolasticismo

escolasticismo

skepticism
skepticism
[Sustantivo]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

escepticismo

escepticismo

stoicism
stoicism
[Sustantivo]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

estoicismo

estoicismo

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and isn't within our control, stoicism provides tools for inner peace. 

Al aprender a distinguir entre lo que está y no está bajo nuestro control, el estoicismo proporciona herramientas para la paz interior.

subjectivism
subjectivism
[Sustantivo]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjetivismo

subjetivismo

Ex: Critics of subjectivism argue that it leads to moral relativism, where any action can be justified based on individual beliefs, undermining shared ethical norms. 

Los críticos del subjetivismo argumentan que conduce al relativismo moral, donde cualquier acción puede justificarse en base a creencias individuales, socavando las normas éticas compartidas.

utilitarianism
utilitarianism
[Sustantivo]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarismo

utilitarismo

Ex: Critics of utilitarianism argue that it can lead to morally objectionable outcomes, such as sacrificing the rights or well-being of minorities for the greater good of the majority. 

Los críticos del utilitarismo argumentan que puede llevar a resultados moralmente objetables, como sacrificar los derechos o el bienestar de las minorías por el mayor bien de la mayoría.

phenomenology
phenomenology
[Sustantivo]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenología

fenomenología

alienation
alienation
[Sustantivo]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

alienación

alienación

Ex: The protagonist's journey in the novel reflects his alienation from society. 

El viaje del protagonista en la novela refleja su alienación de la sociedad.

a priori
a priori
[Adjetivo]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

a posteriori
a posteriori
[Adjetivo]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
being
[Sustantivo]

the state of existing

ser

ser

Ex: The novel delves into the struggles of a young being trying to find their place in the world. 

La novela profundiza en las luchas de un joven ser que intenta encontrar su lugar en el mundo.

nothingness
nothingness
[Sustantivo]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

nada

nada

consciousness
consciousness
[Sustantivo]

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

conciencia

conciencia

Ex: The author's historical consciousness shaped the novel. 

La conciencia histórica del autor dio forma a la novela.

dogma
dogma
[Sustantivo]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogma

dogma

Ex: The political leader's dogma was evident in every policy decision made by the administration. 

El dogma del líder político era evidente en cada decisión política tomada por la administración.

logic
logic
[Sustantivo]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

lógica

lógica

Ex: When faced with a difficult decision, she always relied on logic rather than letting her emotions take over. 

Al enfrentarse a una decisión difícil, ella siempre confiaba en la lógica en lugar de dejar que sus emociones se apoderaran.

virtue
virtue
[Sustantivo]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

virtud

virtud

Ex: Hard work and perseverance are important virtues in life. 

El trabajo duro y la perseverancia son virtudes importantes en la vida.

aesthetics
aesthetics
[Sustantivo]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estética

estética

wisdom
wisdom
[Sustantivo]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

sabiduría

sabiduría

Ex: Over the years, she gained a great deal of wisdom about how to handle difficult situations with grace. 

Con los años, adquirió una gran sabiduría sobre cómo manejar situaciones difíciles con gracia.

sophist
sophist
[Sustantivo]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofista

sofista

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