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托福高级词汇 - 我思故我在!

在这里,你将学习一些关于思考的英语单词,如“伦理”、“虚无主义”、“存在”等,这些都是TOEFL考试所需要的。

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
[名词]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

伦理学

伦理学

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epistemology
[名词]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

认识论, 知识论

认识论, 知识论

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge epistemology.她关于教育改革的论文不仅讨论了政策,还讨论了知识哲学和**认识论**中的根本问题。
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humanism
[名词]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

人文主义, 人道主义

人文主义, 人道主义

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metaphysics
[名词]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

形而上学, 第一哲学

形而上学, 第一哲学

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field metaphysics.许多古代哲学家,如柏拉图和亚里士多德,对**形而上学**领域做出了重大贡献。
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ontology
[名词]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

本体论

本体论

Ex: In contemporary philosophyontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .在当代哲学中,**本体论**与逻辑学、形而上学和认识论等其他学科相交,塑造了我们对现实基本结构的理解。
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determinism
[名词]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

决定论, 宿命论

决定论, 宿命论

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hedonism
[名词]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

享乐主义

享乐主义

Ex: Critics hedonism argue that an excessive focus on pleasure can lead to selfishness and a neglect of responsibilities and long-term goals .**享乐主义**的批评者认为,过分关注快乐会导致自私和对责任及长期目标的忽视。
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idealism
[名词]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

唯心主义, 对观念优先性的信念

唯心主义, 对观念优先性的信念

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empiricism
[名词]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

经验主义, 实验主义

经验主义, 实验主义

Ex: Critics empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .**经验主义**的批评者认为,它可能忽视了先验知识的重要性以及影响我们感知和解释经验的心灵固有结构。
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a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

存在主义

存在主义

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materialism
[名词]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

唯物主义, 唯物哲学

唯物主义, 唯物哲学

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nihilism
[名词]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

虚无主义, 否定主义

虚无主义, 否定主义

Ex: nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .虽然**虚无主义**常常与绝望和悲观主义联系在一起,但一些哲学家将其视为一种解放的哲学,将个人从传统道德和意识形态的约束中解放出来。
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positivism
[名词]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

实证主义

实证主义

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pragmatism
[名词]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

实用主义, 实用主义哲学

实用主义, 实用主义哲学

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .哲学家之间关于理想主义与**实用主义**优点的辩论在哲学思想史上有着深厚的根源。
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rationalism
[名词]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

理性主义, 唯理论

理性主义, 唯理论

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a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

经院哲学, 士林哲学

经院哲学, 士林哲学

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skepticism
[名词]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

怀疑论

怀疑论

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stoicism
[名词]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

斯多葛主义, 斯多葛哲学

斯多葛主义, 斯多葛哲学

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our controlstoicism provides tools for inner peace .通过学习区分什么在我们控制之内和之外,**斯多葛主义**为内心平静提供了工具。
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subjectivism
[名词]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

主观主义, 主观主义学说

主观主义, 主观主义学说

Ex: The debate between objectivism subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .哲学中客观主义与**主观主义**之间的辩论围绕着道德和认识论主张是否可以建立在客观现实基础上,还是本质上就是主观的。
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the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

功利主义, 效用学说

功利主义, 效用学说

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**功利主义**经常应用于公共政策、经济和伦理等领域,其决策旨在最大化社会福利或效用。
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the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

现象学, 现象研究

现象学, 现象研究

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alienation
[名词]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

疏远, 孤立

疏远, 孤立

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt alienation from management .随着新政策的推出,员工感到与管理层的**疏离感**越来越强。
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a priori
[形容词]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

先验的

先验的

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a posteriori
[形容词]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

后验的

后验的

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being
[名词]

the state of existing

存在, 生存

存在, 生存

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.艺术家的作品反映了对人类**存在**和生命复杂性的深刻探索。
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nothingness
[名词]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

虚无, 空无

虚无, 空无

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the state of being sensible and aware

意识, 觉悟

意识, 觉悟

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dogma
[名词]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

教条, 信仰

教条, 信仰

Ex: The cultdogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .邪教的**教条**要求追随者遵守一套严格且不容置疑的规则。
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logic
[名词]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

逻辑

逻辑

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .
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virtue
[名词]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

美德, 品质

美德, 品质

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a virtue.许多文化教导说,谦逊是一种关键的**美德**。
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aesthetics
[名词]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

美学

美学

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wisdom
[名词]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

智慧

智慧

Ex: Many cultures wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .许多文化将**智慧**视为关键美德,相信经验和知识能带来生活中更好的选择。
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sophist
[名词]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

诡辩家, 古希腊持怀疑态度的哲学和修辞学教师

诡辩家, 古希腊持怀疑态度的哲学和修辞学教师

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