托福高级词汇 - 我思故我在！

在这里，你将学习一些关于思考的英语单词，如“伦理”、“虚无主义”、“存在”等，这些都是TOEFL考试所需要的。

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托福高级词汇
epistemology
epistemology [名词]
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the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

Ex: The course explored classical and contemporary theories in epistemology .
metaphysics
metaphysics [名词]
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形而上学

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics .

许多古代哲学家，如柏拉图和亚里士多德，对形而上学领域做出了重大贡献。

ontology
ontology [名词]
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本体论

Ex: In ontology , philosophers inquire into the nature of being , distinguishing between different categories of existence and examining the properties of entities .

在本体论中，哲学家探究存在的本质，区分不同的存在类别并检查实体的属性。

hedonism
hedonism [名词]
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an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

Ex: In ethical hedonism , pleasure is viewed as the ultimate moral value .
empiricism
empiricism [名词]
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(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

Ex: Empiricism emphasizes observation over speculation .
nihilism
nihilism [名词]
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the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Nihilism can lead to radical skepticism about law and order .
pragmatism
pragmatism [名词]
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实用主义

Ex: The core tenet of philosophical pragmatism is that the value of a concept lies in its ability to solve real-world problems and contribute to practical success .

哲学实用主义的核心信条是，一个概念的价值在于它解决现实世界问题和促进实际成功的能力。

stoicism
stoicism [名词]
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斯多葛主义

Ex: Her dissertation analyzed how stoicism influenced prominent historical figures from Washington to Mandela .

她的论文分析了斯多葛主义如何影响了从华盛顿到曼德拉等著名历史人物。

subjectivism
subjectivism [名词]
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主观主义

Ex: In ethical subjectivism , moral judgments are based on personal feelings and opinions rather than objective criteria or external truths .

在伦理主观主义中，道德判断是基于个人感受和意见，而不是客观标准或外部真理。

utilitarianism
utilitarianism [名词]
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功利主义

Ex: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are among the most influential proponents of utilitarianism , advocating for a moral calculus based on the principle of utility .

杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔是功利主义最有影响力的支持者之一，主张基于效用原则的道德计算。

alienation
alienation [名词]
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疏远

Ex: Cultural differences can sometimes lead to feelings of alienation among immigrants .

文化差异有时会导致移民之间的疏离感。

being
being [名词]
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存在

Ex:

许多人在冥想中找到安慰，因为它帮助他们专注于自己的存在状态。

consciousness
consciousness [名词]
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a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

Ex: She demonstrated a feminist consciousness in her writing .
dogma
dogma [名词]
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教条

Ex: She questioned the dogma of the organization , seeking evidence rather than blind acceptance .

她对组织的教条提出了质疑，寻求证据而不是盲目接受。

logic
logic [名词]
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逻辑

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic , setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .

父母经常建议他们的孩子用逻辑来处理问题，将情绪放在一边以便更清晰地判断。

virtue
virtue [名词]
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美德

Ex: She admired his honesty and other virtues .

她钦佩他的诚实和其他美德。

wisdom
wisdom [名词]
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智慧

Ex: He sought the wisdom of his mentor before making such an important career decision .

在做出如此重要的职业决定之前，他寻求了导师的智慧。

托福高级词汇
人体解剖学 Biology 工程与电子 Architecture
数学与测量 计算机世界 物理和化学 Experimentation
时间和空间 History 外貌 时尚世界
语言和语法 Communication Transportation Art
文学与写作 娱乐产业 新闻与新闻业 Education
感受与情感 建议与决定 个人特征 形状
动物王国 食物和餐厅 医疗与医学 身体状况和伤害
心理健康与障碍 Politics Religion 仇恨或感情
法律 怀疑与确定 罪与罚 Society
社会问题 Argumentation 说服与同意 偏好、义务和许可
体育 Shopping 金钱与商业 职业生活与职业
自然现象与环境 农业与植被 我思故我在！