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a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
人文主义
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
形而上学
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
本体论
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
决定论
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
享乐主义
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
唯心主义, 理想主义
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
存在主义
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
唯物主义
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
虚无主义
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
实证主义
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
实用主义
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
理性主义
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
经院哲学, 学院派
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
斯多戈主义
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
主观主义, 主观性
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
功利主义
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
现象学
the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
疏离感, 外部化
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
先验的, 事先的
using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something
后验的, 经验的
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
教条
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
逻辑, 推理
the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments
智慧
a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude
智者, 哲学家
