the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge
认识论, 知识论
本课程探讨了认识论中的经典和当代理论。
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
人文主义, 人道主义
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
形而上学, 第一哲学
灵魂的概念常在形而上学的领域中被探讨。
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
本体论
在本体论中，哲学家探究存在的本质，区分不同的存在类别并检查实体的属性。
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
决定论, 宿命论
an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life
享乐主义, 享乐主义
在伦理享乐主义中，快乐被视为终极的道德价值。
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
唯心主义, 对观念优先性的信念
(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition
经验主义, 经验主义
经验主义强调观察而非推测。
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
存在主义
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
唯物主义, 唯物哲学
the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions
虚无主义, 虚无主义
虚无主义可能导致对法律和秩序的激进怀疑。
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
实证主义
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
实用主义, 实用主义哲学
哲学实用主义的核心信条是，一个概念的价值在于它解决现实世界问题和促进实际成功的能力。
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
理性主义, 唯理论
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
经院哲学, 士林哲学
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
斯多葛主义, 斯多葛哲学
她的论文分析了斯多葛主义如何影响了从华盛顿到曼德拉等著名历史人物。
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
主观主义, 主观主义学说
在伦理主观主义中，道德判断是基于个人感受和意见，而不是客观标准或外部真理。
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
功利主义, 效用学说
杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔是功利主义最有影响力的支持者之一，主张基于效用原则的道德计算。
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
现象学, 现象研究
the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
疏远, 孤立
文化差异有时会导致移民之间的疏离感。
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
先验的
the state of existing
存在, 生存
许多人在冥想中找到安慰，因为它帮助他们专注于自己的存在状态。
a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain
意识, 认知
她在自己的作品中展现了一种女性主义意识。
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
教条, 信仰
她对组织的教条提出了质疑，寻求证据而不是盲目接受。
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
逻辑
面对困难的决定时，她总是依赖逻辑，而不是让情绪占据上风。
a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person
美德, 品质
她钦佩他的诚实和其他美德。
