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TOEFL을 위한 고급 어휘 - 나는 생각한다, 고로 나는 존재한다!

여기에서는 TOEFL 시험에 필요한 "윤리", "허무주의", "존재" 등과 같은 사고에 관한 몇 가지 영어 단어를 배우게 됩니다.

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리뷰

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플래시카드

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철자법

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퀴즈

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[명사]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

윤리학

윤리학

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epistemology
epistemology
[명사]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

Ex: Epistemology examines the difference between opinion and knowledge .
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humanism
humanism
[명사]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

인본주의, 휴머니즘

인본주의, 휴머니즘

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metaphysics
metaphysics
[명사]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

형이상학, 제일철학

형이상학, 제일철학

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.플라톤과 아리스토텔레스와 같은 많은 고대 철학자들이 **형이상학** 분야에 큰 기여를 했습니다.
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ontology
ontology
[명사]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

존재론

존재론

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .현대 철학에서 **존재론**은 논리학, 형이상학, 인식론과 같은 다른 학문과 교차하며, 현실의 기본 구조에 대한 우리의 이해를 형성합니다.
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determinism
determinism
[명사]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

결정론, 숙명론

결정론, 숙명론

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hedonism
hedonism
[명사]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

Ex: The debate compared utilitarianism and hedonism as moral systems .
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idealism
idealism
[명사]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

관념론, 관념의 우위에 대한 믿음

관념론, 관념의 우위에 대한 믿음

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empiricism
empiricism
[명사]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

Ex: She studied empiricism to understand the roots of modern science .
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existentialism

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

실존주의

실존주의

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materialism
materialism
[명사]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

유물론, 유물주의 철학

유물론, 유물주의 철학

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nihilism
nihilism
[명사]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Writers in the 19th century explored nihilism in Russian society .
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positivism
positivism
[명사]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

실증주의

실증주의

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pragmatism
pragmatism
[명사]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

프래그머티즘, 실용주의 철학

프래그머티즘, 실용주의 철학

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .철학자들 사이에서 이상주의 대 **실용주의**의 장점에 대한 논쟁은 철학적 사상의 역사에 깊은 뿌리를 두고 있다.
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rationalism
rationalism
[명사]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

합리주의, 이성주의

합리주의, 이성주의

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scholasticism

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

스콜라 철학, 스콜라주의

스콜라 철학, 스콜라주의

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skepticism
skepticism
[명사]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

회의론

회의론

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stoicism
stoicism
[명사]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

스토아 학파, 스토아 철학

스토아 학파, 스토아 철학

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .우리의 통제 안에 있는 것과 그렇지 않은 것을 구별하는 법을 배움으로써, **스토아학파**는 내적 평화를 위한 도구를 제공합니다.
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subjectivism
subjectivism
[명사]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

주관주의, 주관주의 교리

주관주의, 주관주의 교리

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .철학에서 객관주의와 **주관주의** 사이의 논쟁은 도덕적 및 인식론적 주장이 객관적 현실에 근거할 수 있는지 아니면 본질적으로 주관적인지에 관한 것입니다.
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utilitarianism

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

공리주의, 효용의 교리

공리주의, 효용의 교리

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**공리주의**는 공공 정책, 경제학 및 윤리학과 같은 분야에서 자주 적용되며, 사회 복지나 효용을 극대화하기 위한 결정이 내려집니다.
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phenomenology

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

현상학, 현상 연구

현상학, 현상 연구

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alienation
alienation
[명사]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

소외, 고립

소외, 고립

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt increasing alienation from management .새로운 정책이 도입되면서 직원들은 경영진으로부터 점점 더 큰 **소외감**을 느꼈다.
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a priori
a priori
[형용사]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

선험적

선험적

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a posteriori
a posteriori
[형용사]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

사후적인

사후적인

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being
being
[명사]

the state of existing

존재, 실존

존재, 실존

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.그 예술가의 작품은 인간 **존재**와 삶의 복잡성에 대한 깊은 탐구를 반영합니다.
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nothingness
nothingness
[명사]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

무, 공허

무, 공허

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consciousness

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

Ex: His consciousness of personal responsibility guided his actions .
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dogma
dogma
[명사]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

교조, 믿음

교조, 믿음

Ex: The cult 's dogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .그 cult의 **dogma**는 추종자들이 엄격하고 의심할 여지없는 규칙 집합을 준수할 것을 요구했습니다.
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logic
logic
[명사]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

논리

논리

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .부모들은 종종 자녀들에게 감정을 제쳐두고 더 명확한 판단을 위해 **논리**로 문제에 접근하라고 조언합니다.
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virtue
virtue
[명사]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

미덕, 품질

미덕, 품질

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a key virtue.많은 문화에서 겸손이 핵심 **미덕**이라고 가르칩니다.
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aesthetics
aesthetics
[명사]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

미학

미학

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wisdom
wisdom
[명사]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

지혜

지혜

Ex: Many cultures value wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .많은 문화에서 경험과 지식이 삶에서 더 나은 선택으로 이어진다고 믿으며 **지혜**를 주요 덕목으로 여깁니다.
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sophist
sophist
[명사]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

소피스트, 회의적인 태도를 가진 고대 그리스의 철학과 수사학 교사

소피스트, 회의적인 태도를 가진 고대 그리스의 철학과 수사학 교사

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TOEFL을 위한 고급 어휘
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